Single-Stranded DNA Aptamers against Pathogens and Toxins: Identification and Biosensing Applications

Table 6

Summary table of ssDNA MRE based biosensors for the detection of pathogens.

Target	Detection methods	Enhancers	LOD	Relevant sample	Reference
Salmonella enteritidis	Fluorescence	Graphene oxide	40 CFU/mL	Milk	[162]
Salmonella enteritidis	Colorimetric; lateral flow	Gold nanoparticles	10 CFU/mL	Milk powder	[163]
Salmonella Typhimurium	Colorimetric	Silver staining	7 CFU/mL	Lake water	[164]
Salmonella Typhimurium	Electrochemical; impedance	Graphene oxide, gold nanoparticles	3 CFU/mL	Pork	[165]
Salmonella Typhimurium	Electrochemical; impedance	Gold nanoparticles	600 CFU/mL	—	[166]
Salmonella Typhimurium	Colorimetric; enzyme linked assay	Gold nanoparticles	1000 CFU/mL	Milk	[167]
Vibrio parahaemolyticus/Salmonella Typhimurium	Fluorescence; flow cytometry	Quantum dots	5000 CFU/mL	Shrimp	[168]
Salmonella Typhimurium/Staphylococcus aureus	Fluorescence	—	5 CFU/mL; 8 CFU/mL	—	[169]
Staphylococcus aureus	Electrochemical; impedance	Single-walled carbon nanotubes	800 CFU/mL	Pig skin	[170]
Staphylococcus aureus	Electrochemical; impedance	Graphene oxide	1 CFU/mL	—	[171]
Staphylococcus aureus	Colorimetric	Horseradish peroxidase	9 CFU/mL	Milk	[172]
Group A Streptococcus	Piezoelectric quartz crystal	Single-walled carbon nanotubes	12 CFU/mL	Milk	[173]
E. coli	Electrochemical/fluorescence	MRE cocktails	370 CFU/mL	—	[174]
E. coli O157:H7/Salmonella Typhimurium	Colorimetric	—	10000 CFU/mL	—	[175]
E. coli O111	Electrochemical; redox current	Alkaline phosphatase	305 CFU/mL	Milk	[176]
E. coli CECT 675	Electrochemical; impedance	Single-walled carbon nanotubes	6 CFU/mL; 26 CFU/mL	Milk, apple juice	[177]
Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Fluorescence	—	5 CFU/mL	Drinking water	[178]
Staphylococcus aureus/Vibrio parahaemolyticus/Salmonella Typhimurium	Luminescence	Lanthanide-doped near infrared to visible upconversion nanoparticles	25 CFU/mL; 10 CFU/mL; 15 CFU/mL	Milk, shrimp	[179]
Lactobacillus acidophilus/Staphylococcus enteric/Staphylococcus aureus	Fluorescence; microfluidic biochip	—	11 CFU/mL; 61 CFU/mL; 800 CFU/mL	—	[180]
Influenza H5N1	Quartz crystal microbalance	Hydrogel	0.0128 HAU	—	[181]
Vaccinia virus	Electrochemical; impedance	—	60 virions/µL	—	[182]
Influenza H5N1	Surface plasmon resonance	—	0.128 HAU	Poultry	[183]