Single-Stranded DNA Aptamers against Pathogens and Toxins: Identification and Biosensing Applications

Table 7

Summary table of ssDNA MRE based biosensors for the detection of biological toxins.

Target	Detection methods	Enhancers	LOD	Relevant sample	Reference
Prion protein	Resonance light scattering	Gold nanoparticles	0.01 nM	Human serum	[184]
Clostridium difficile; Toxin A	Electrochemical; impedance	Horseradish peroxidase	1 nM	—	[185]
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B	Electrochemical; impedance	Horseradish peroxidase	0.24 ng/mL	Human serum	[186]
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B	Surface-enhanced Raman scattering	Gold nanoparticles	224 aM	Milk, blood, urine	[187]
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B	Piezoresistive; microcantilevers	—	6 ng/mL	Skim milk	[188]
E. coli outer membranes proteins	Evanescent wave fiber optic	—	0.1 nM	Environmental water	[189]
E. coli outer membranes proteins	Electrochemical; impedance	—	100 nM	Environmental water	[190]
Botulinum neurotoxin, type A	Electrochemical; redox current	Horseradish peroxidase	40 pg/mL	—	[191]
Aflatoxin B1	RT-qPCR	—	25 fg/mL	Chinese wild rye hay, infant rice cereal	[192]
Aflatoxin B1	Fluorescence; dipstick	—	0.3 ng/g	Corn	[193]
Aflatoxin M1	Electrochemical; redox current	Magnetic nanoparticles	8 ng/L	Milk	[194]
Ochratoxin A	Colorimetric	—	20 nM	—	[195]
Ochratoxin A	Electrochemical; impedance	Graphene oxide, gold nanoparticles	0.74 pM	Red wine	[196]
Ochratoxin A	Fluorescence	—	1 ng/mL	Beer	[197]
Ochratoxin A	Electrochemical; redox current	Gold nanoparticles	0.75 pM	Red wine	[198]
Ochratoxin A	Electrochemiluminescence	Loop-mediated isothermal amplification	10 fM	Red wine	[199]
Ochratoxin A	Fluorescence	—	2 pg/mL	Wheat	[200]
Ochratoxin A	Localized surface plasmon resonance	—	1 nM	Corn powder	[201]
Ochratoxin A	RT-qPCR	—	1 fg/mL	Red wine	[202]
Ochratoxin A	Fluorescence	—	0.2 ng/mL	Red wine	[203]
Ochratoxin A	Chemiluminescence	Nicking endonuclease	0.3 pg/mL	Wheat	[204]
Ochratoxin A	Electrochemical; impedance	—	0.25 ng/mL	Beer	[205]
Ochratoxin A	Electrochemical; redox current	—	0.1 ng/mL	Beer	[206]
Ochratoxin A	Electrochemical; impedance	—	0.12 ng/mL	Beer	[207]
Ochratoxin A	Electrochemical; differential pulse voltammetry	Horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, superparamagnetic nanoparticles	0.15 ng/mL	Red wine	[208]
Ochratoxin A	Electrochemical; flow-based	—	0.05 µg/L	Beer	[209]
Ochratoxin A	Colorimetric; lateral flow	Gold nanoparticles	1 ng/mL, 0.18 ng/mL	Red wine	[210]
Ochratoxin A	Fluorescence; lateral flow	Quantum dots	1.9 ng/mL	Red wine	[211]
Ochratoxin A	Electrochemical; electric current	Horseradish peroxidase	0.07 ± 0.01 ng/mL	Wheat	[212]
Ochratoxin A	Electrochemical; redox current	Gold nanoparticles	30 pg/mL	Red wine	[213]
Ochratoxin A	Electrochemical; impedance	Horseradish peroxidase	0.4 pg/mL	Wheat	[214]
Ochratoxin A	Electrochemical; redox current	—	0.095 pg/mL	Red wine	[215]
Ochratoxin A	Chemiluminescence	Upconversion nanoparticles	0.1 pg/mL	Maize	[216]
Ochratoxin A	Electrochemical; impedance	Silver nanoparticles	0.05 nM	Beer	[217]
Ochratoxin A	Electrochemical; impedance	Loop-mediated isothermal	0.3 pM	Red wine	[218]
Ochratoxin A	Fluorescence	—	0.8 ng/mL	Corn	[219]
Ochratoxin A	Fluorescence	Single-stranded signal probes	20 pg/mL	Wheat	[220]
Ochratoxin A	Fluorescence	Terbium	0.08–5.42 ng/mL	Wheat	[221]
Ochratoxin A	Electrochemical; impedance	Redox probe	0.12–0.4 nM	Coffee, flour, wine	[222]
Ochratoxin A	Fluorescence resonance energy transfer	—	2 pg/mL	Maize flour	[223]
Ochratoxin A	Electrochemical; redox current	Exonuclease digestion	1.0 pg/mL	Wheat starch	[224]
Ochratoxin A	Electrochemical; electric current	Rolling circle amplification	0.2 pg/mL	Red wine	[225]
Ochratoxin A	Fluorescence	—	21.8 nM	Red wine	[226]
Ochratoxin A	Electrochemiluminescence	Gold nanoparticles	0.007 ng/mL	Wheat	[227]
Ochratoxin A	Colorimetric	—	2.5 nM	Red wine	[228]
Ochratoxin A	Colorimetric	—	4 nM	Red wine	[229]
Ochratoxin A	Fluorescence	—	24.1 nM	Beer	[230]
Ochratoxin A	Electrochemical; impedance	—	0.1 ng/mL	—	[231]
Ochratoxin A	Fluorescence	—	0.01 ng/mL	Maize flour	[232]