Single-Stranded DNA Aptamers against Pathogens and Toxins: Identification and Biosensing Applications

Table 8

Summary table of ssDNA MREs based biosensors for the detection of chemical toxins.

Target	Detection methods	Enhancers	LOD	Relevant sample	Reference
Bisphenol A	Fiber optic fluorescence	—	1.86 nM	Waste water	[233]
Bisphenol A	Resonance light scattering	Gold nanoparticles	0.012–0.28 ng/mL	Supermarket ticket	[234]
Bisphenol A	Electrochemical; redox current	Gold nanoparticles dotted graphene	5 nM	Milk	[235]
Bisphenol A	Colorimetric/fluorescent	—	0.1 ng/mL; 0.01 pg/mL	Water	[236]
Bisphenol A	Colorimetric	—	0.1 ng/mL	Tap water	[237]
Bisphenol A	Colorimetric; lateral flow	Gold nanoparticles	76 pg/mL	Tap water	[238]
Bisphenol A	Resonance Rayleigh scattering	Gold nanoparticles	83 pg/mL	Tap water	[239]
Bisphenol A	Electrochemical; electric current	Single-walled carbon nanotubes field effect transistor	10 fM to 1 pM		[240]
Bisphenol A	Plasmonic chirality	—	8 pg/mL	Tap water	[241]
17β-estradiol (E2)	Photoelectrochemical	Titanium oxide nanotubes arrays	33 fM	Medical waste water, lake water, and tap water	[242]
17β-estradiol (E2)	Electrochemical; impedance	—	2.0 pM	Human urine	[243]
17β-estradiol (E2)	Fluorescence	—	2.1 nM	Waste water	[244]
Acetamiprid	Colorimetric	—	5 nM	Soil	[245]
Acetamiprid	Electrochemical; impedance	Gold nanoparticles	1 nM	Waste water, tomatoes	[246]
4 organophosphorus pesticides; phorate, profenofos, isocarbophos, and omethoate	Fluorescence polarization	—	19.2, 13.4, 17.2, 23.4 nM	Chinese cabbage	[247]