Research Article
Burnout Is Associated with Reduced Parasympathetic Activity and Reduced HPA Axis Responsiveness, Predominantly in Males
Table 1
Characteristics of patients and healthy participants listed for males and females separately [M (SD)/frequency (%)].
| | | Males | Females | | | Patient () | Healthy () | Patient () | Healthy () |
| | Age (years) | 42.79 (9.70) | 38.00 (9.44) | 37.95 (9.13) | 37.42 (10.09) | | Education (1 = primary school, 6 = university) | 3.06 (1.39)a | 4.25 (1.18)a | 4.29 (1.45) | 4.08 (1.38) | | Employment (hrs/wk) | 38.71 (2.98)a | 31.63 (9.89)a | 32.52 (5.75) | 28.00 (8.09) | | Smoker (yes/no) | 7/27 (21/79) | 4/12 (25/75) | 4/17 (19/81) | 4/18 (18/82) | | Sleep duration (hours) | 7.59 (1.12) | 7.93 (0.47) | 7.35 (1.58) | 7.87 (1.47) | | Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.92 (3.27)a | 23.55 (3.17)a | 23.79 (5.09) | 23.19 (2.74) | | Emotional exhaustion (MBI-GS, range: 0–6)b | 4.44 (1.17) | 1.25 (0.84) | 4.09 (1.43) | 1.32 (0.82) | | Depersonalisation (MBI-GS, range: 0–6)b | 2.82 (1.56) | 1.23 (0.77) | 3.21 (1.28) | 1.57 (1.02) | | Professional competence (MBI-GS, range: 0–6) | 3.81 (1.09) | 3.98 (0.89) | 3.67 (0.92) | 3.76 (0.92) | | Fatigue (CIS, range: 20–140)b | 111.00 (16.79) | 43.19 (17.41) | 98.83 (19.66) | 54.75 (20.75) | | Anxiety (DASS, range: 0–42)b | 8.04 (6.34) | 2.19 (2.40) | 7.05 (4.06) | 2.63 (3.10) | | Depression (DASS, range: 0–42)b | 15.03 (8.31) | 3.19 (3.29) | 11.21 (6.69) | 4.46 (3.78) | | Stress (DASS, range: 0–42)b | 20.40 (9.16) | 4.75 (4.36) | 17.56 (6.70) | 8.71 (8.57) |
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Note: MBI-GS: Maslach Burnout Inventory—General Survey; CIS: Checklist Individual Strength; DASS: Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales. a; bbetween-group differences stratified by gender: .
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