Probing the Surface of Human Carbonic Anhydrase for Clues towards the Design of Isoform Specific Inhibitors

Table 1

Distribution, associated diseases, catalytic efficiency, and structural characterization of CAs.

Isoform	Localization		(s^−1)	/; (M^−1 s^−1)	p	Oligomeric state	Number of PDB entries	References
	Organ/tissue	Subcellular
		Associated disease
I	RBCs, GI tract, and eye	Cytosol	2.0 × 10^5	5.0 × 10^7	6.6	Monomer	19	[2, 3, 9, 88, 89]
		Hemolytic anemia
II	RBCs, kidney, osteoclasts, eye, GI tract, lung, brain, and testis	Cytosol	1.4 × 10^6	1.5 × 10^8	6.9	Monomer	454	[2, 3, 3, 9, 88–90]
		Glaucoma, epilepsy, edema, altitude sickness
III	Adipocytes, skeletal muscle	Cytosol	1.0 × 10^4	3.0 × 10^5	7.0	Monomer	6	[2, 3, 9, 88, 89]
		Oxidative stress
IV	Lung, kidney, brain, eye, RBCs, and colon	Membrane-bound	1.1 × 10^6	5.1 × 10^7	6.4	Monomer	4	[3, 9]
		Retinitis pigmentosa, stroke, glaucoma
VA	Liver	Mitochondria	2.9 × 10^6	2.9 × 10^7	7.2	Monomer	1^*	[4, 91]
		Obesity, insulin resistance
VB	Kidney, GI tract, spinal cord, heart and skeletal muscle, and pancreas	Mitochondria	9.5 × 10^5	9.8 × 10^7	7.7	Monomer	N/A	[4, 91]
		Obesity, insulin resistance
VI	Salivary and mammary glands	Secreted	3.4 × 10^5	4.9 × 10^7	6.5	Dimer	1	[5, 9, 92, 93]
		Dental caries
VII	Liver, colon, skeletal muscle, and brain	Cytosol	9.5 × 10^5	8.3 × 10^7	6.9	Monomer	2	[6, 9, 94]
		Epilepsy
IX	GI mucosa, tumors	Transmembrane	3.8 × 10^5	5.5 × 10^7	5.5	Dimer	2	[3, 7, 9, 88, 89, 95]
		Cancer
XII	Eye, tumors, reproductive epithelia, intestines, and kidney	Transmembrane	4.2 × 10^5	3.5 × 10^7	5.8	Dimer	5	[3, 8, 96]
		Cancer, glaucoma
XIII	Kidney, thymus, submandibular glands, small intestine, and reproductive organs	Cytosol; sterility	1.5 × 10^5	1.1 × 10^7	6.5	Monomer	6	[5, 44]
XIV	Eye, brain, kidney, liver, bladder, and spinal cord	Transmembrane	3.1 × 10^5	3.9 × 10^7	5.5	Monomer	1	[9, 97]
		Retinopathy, epilepsy

murine.