Cholesteryl Pullulan Encapsulated TNF-α Nanoparticles Are an Effective Mucosal Vaccine Adjuvant against Influenza Virus

Figure 4

Protective effect of TNF/CHP nanoparticles adjuvant against lethal influenza virus challenge in mice. Mice were nasally administered IVV with or without the adjuvant once a week for 3 times. Seven days after the final immunization, mice were challenged with influenza virus (Puerto Rico/8/34, 10 LD₅₀) nasally and the virus-challenged mice were monitored daily. Blue diamond, saline only; red square, TNF/CHP nanoparticles (5 μg/mouse as TNF-α) only; green triangle, IVV (0.3 μg/mouse) only; purple cross, blank CHP nanoparticles (240 μg/mouse) with IVV; blue square, TNF/CHP nanoparticles with IVV; orange circle, free TNF (5 μg/mouse) with IVV; and purple dot, CTB (0.8 μg/mouse) with IVV ().