Arctigenin, a Potent Ingredient of Arctium lappa L., Induces Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase and Attenuates Subarachnoid Hemorrhage-Induced Vasospasm through PI3K/Akt Pathway in a Rat Model

Figure 1

Bar graphs demonstrating mean cross-sectional areas of BAs. The mean cross-sectional areas of BAs in the SAH-only and SAH-plus vehicle groups are reduced by 56 and 53%, respectively, when compared with the control (no SAH) group. The protective effect of Arctigenin achieves statistical significance when compared with the SAH-plus vehicle group. Upper panel: BA cross-section area, (a) Sham-operated; (b) SAH-only; (c) SAH + Vehicle; SAH rats receiving Arctigenin treatment of (d) 75 μM/Kg; (e) 150 μM/Kg; (f) 450 μM/Kg. ^☆, comparison between the Sham-operated and the SAH group; ; ^#,##. Standard bar = 200 μm.