Temporal Trends and Predictors of Modern Contraceptive Use in Lusaka, Zambia, 2004–2011
Table 2
Trends in contraceptive use and specific contraceptive method use among 16–50-year-old nonpregnant female heads of household in Lusaka District, Zambia, 2004–2011.
Survey year % (95% CI)
Linear trend coefficient, value
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2010
2011
No contraceptive use
42.8% (40.6, 45.0)
41.4% (38.8, 44.0)
36.4% (33.6, 39.2)
35.6% (33.4, 37.7)
33.5% (30.8, 36.1)
29.1% (26.9, 31.4)
32.7% (31.0, 34.3)
−1.6 (−1.9, −1.2), <0.01
Traditional contraceptive use
4.0% (2.9, 5.1)
6.0% (5.0, 7.0)
6.8% (4.8, 8.9)
3.6% (3.0, 4.2)
5.9% (4.8, 7.0)
4.5% (3.5, 5.5)
2.8% (2.3, 3.4)
−0.4% (−0.5, −0.2), <0.01
Modern contraceptive use
53.0% (50.7, 55.3)
52.3% (49.7, 55.0)
56.6% (54.4, 58.9)
60.6% (58.6, 62.6)
60.4% (57.4, 63.5)
66.3% (64.2, 68.4)
63.9% (62.3, 65.6)
1.9% (1.5, 2.3), <0.01
Condoms
3.5% (2.5, 4.6)
4.5% (3.7, 5.3)
5.3% (4.4, 6.3)
6.2% (5.4, 7.0)
5.8% (4.7, 7.0)
7.0% (5.6, 8.5)
6.7% (5.7, 7.8)
0.4% (0.2, 0.6) <0.01
Lactational amenorrhea
10.3% (8.1, 12.5)
10.2% (8.9, 11.5)
10.6% (7.8, 13.4)
11.8% (10.5, 13.1)
12.5% (10.1, 14.9)
7.9% (6.4, 9.3)
6.3% (5.1, 7.4)
−0.7% (−0.9, −0.4) <0.01
Oral contraceptive pills
27.8% (26.0, 29.6)
27.2% (25.4, 29.0)
27.8% (24.6, 31.1)
27.7% (26.2, 29.1)
27.4% (24.4, 30.3)
23.6% (20.5, 26.7)
22.8% (21.6, 24.1)
−0.8% (−1.1, − 0.5) 0.08
Injectables
9.6% (8.2, 11.0)
8.5% (7.3, 9.8)
11.6% (9.4, 13.7)
13.7% (12.5, 14.9)
13.4% (11.1, 15.7)
21.5% (19.2, 23.8)
18.6% (17.5, 19.7)
1.6% (1.4, 1.8) <0.01
Long-acting reversible contraception
0.7% (0.2, 1.1)
0.9% (0.6, 1.1)
0.5% (0.2, 0.8)
0.8% (0.6, 1.0)
0.7% (0.3, 1.2)
5.1% (3.8, 6.4)
8.7% (7.8, 10.0)
1.3% (1.1, 1.4) <0.01
Implant
0.0% (0, 0.3)
0.1% (0.0, 0.2)
0.1 % (0.0, 0.2)
0.1% (0.0, 0.2)
0.0 (0.0, 0.0)
0% (0.0, 0.0)
4.1% (3.3, 4.9)
0.6% (0.4, 0.7) <0.01
IUD
0.7 % (0.2, 1.1)
0.8% (0.5, 1.0)
0.4% (0.1, 0.7)
0.7% (0.3, 1.1)
0.7% (0.3, 1.1)
5.1% (3.8, 6.4)
4.6% (3.8, 5.3)
0.7% (0.6, 0.8) <0.01
Sterilization
0.5% (0.0, 0.9)
0.8% (0.4, 1.0)
0.6% (0.1, 1.1)
0.4% (0.2, 0.5)
0.5% (0.1, 0.8)
0.9% (0.4, 1.3)
0.6% (0.3, 0.9)
0.0% (−0.0, 0.1) 0.76
Other
0.6% (0.0, 1.3)
0.3% (0.1, 0.5)
0.2% (0.0, 0.4)
0.1% (0.0, 0.1)
0.0% (0.0, 0.0)
0.3% (0.1, 0.5)
0.2% (0.1, 0.3)
−0.0% (−0.1, 0.1) 0.24
Oral contraceptive pills include both combination and progestin only pills. Long-acting reversible contraception includes subdermal implants and intrauterine devices.
