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| Nutrients | Author | Type of study | Results | Recommended treatment |
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Vitamin D |
Snijder et al., 2006 [114] | Prospective cohort study | Poor vitamin D status is independently associated with an increased risk of falling in the elderly, particularly in those aged 65–75 yr. | |
| Verhaar et al., 2000 [109] | Randomized controlled trial | Six months of alphacalcidol treatment led to a significant increase in the walking distance over 2 minutes. | Six months of vitamin D treatment (0.5 microg alphacalcidol) |
| Gloth et al., 1995 [110] | Randomized controlled trial | In this cohort of homebound older people, improvement in vitamin D status was associated with functional improvement as measured by the Frail Elderly Functional Assessment questionnaire. | One month of therapy with either placebo or vitamin D (ergo-calciferol) |
|
| Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) | Flakoll et al., 2004 [50] | Randomized controlled trial | Daily supplementation of HMB, arginine, and lysine for 12 wk | Daily supplementation of HMB, arginine, and lysine for 12 wk positively altered measurements of functionality, strength, fat-free
mass, and protein synthesis, suggesting that the strategy of targeted nutrition has the ability to affect muscle health in elderly women. |
|
| Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids | Smith et al., 2011 [131] | Randomized controlled trial | Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation had no effect on the basal rate of muscle protein synthesis but enhanced the hyperaminoacidemia-hyperinsulinemia-induced increase in the rate of muscle protein synthesis, which was accompanied by greater increases in muscle mTORSer2448 phosphorylation | 1.86 g eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n23) and 1.50 g docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n23), both as ethyl esters |
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