Current Advances in the Application of Raman Spectroscopy for Molecular Diagnosis of Cervical Cancer

Table 1

Raman spectroscopy studies concerning cervical cancer reported in the literature until September 2014 sorted by diagnosis (D), treatment response (R), and further conditions analysed. Sampling numbers and data analysis methodology are also indicated as maximum representation and discrimination feature (MRDF), sparse multinomial logistic regression (SMLR), principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), genetic algorithm-partial least squares-discriminant analysis (GA-PLS-DA), partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), Fisher’s discriminant analysis (FDA), principal component analysis logistic regression (PCA-LR), and spectral analysis when no multivariate statistical method was reported.

Sampling type	Sampling numbers	Year	Authors (research group)	Raman spectroscopy; spectral region; laser used	Sort category	Data analysis methodology	Other considerations
In vivo	Not disclosed	1998	Mahadevan-Jansen et al. [28]	Fingerprint region; 789 nm	D	Spectral Analysis	—
	25	2001	Utzinger et al. [29] (Mahadevan-Jansen group)	1000–1800 cm^−1; 789 nm	D	Spectral analysis	—
	66	2009	Kanter et al. [30] (Mahadevan-Jansen group)	Fingerprint region; 785 nm	D	MRDF and SMLR	Multiclass development
	31	2009	Kanter et al. [31] (Mahadevan-Jansen group)	Fingerprint region; 785 nm	D	MRDF and SMLR	Hormonal variation influence
	46	2009	Mo et al. [51] (Huang group)	HW (2800–3700 cm^−1) region; 785 nm	D	PCA-LDA	—
	102	2009	Kanter et al. [49] (Mahadevan-Jansen group)	Fingerprint region; 785 nm	D	MRDF and SMLR	—
	172	2011	Vargis et al. [32] (Mahadevan-Jansen group)	Fingerprint region; 785 nm	D	SMLR	Normal variability and previous disease
	29	2011	Duraipandian et al. [50] (Huang group)	Fingerprint region; 785 nm	D	GA-PLS-DA	Additional genetic algorithm techniques
	75	2011	Vargis et al. [33] (Mahadevan-Jansen group)	Fingerprint region; 785 nm	D	MRDF and SMLR	Investigation of normal patient variability
	44	2012	Duraipandian et al. [52]	Fingerprint & HW (2800–3700 cm^−1) region; 785 nm	D	PLS-DA	—
	26	2013	Duraipandian et al. [48] (Huang group)	HW (2800–3700 cm^−1) region; 785 nm	—	PLS-DA	Vagifem treatment
Ex vivo	20	1998	Mahadevan-Jansen et al. [27]	Fingerprint region; 789 nm	D	FDA and PCA	—
	150	2006	Krishna et al. [34]	Fingerprint region; 785 nm	D	PCA	—
	66	2008	Vidyasagar et al. [46] (Krishna group)	Fingerprint region; 785 nm	R	PCA	—
	102	2008	Keller et al. [35] (Mahadevan-Jansen group)	Fingerprint region; 785 nm	D	MRDF and SMLR	Investigation of temporal and spatial effects
	63	2008	da Silva Martinho et al. [36]	Fingerprint region; 1064 nm	D	PCA-LR	Cervicitis influence
	14	2010	Kamemoto et al. [37]	Fingerprint region; 785 nm	D	Spectral analysis	—
	42	2013	Rubina et al. [47] (Krishna group)	Fingerprint region; 785 nm	R	PCA-LDA	Chemoradiotherapy
In vitro	—	1999	Yazdi et al. [40] (Richards-Kortum group)	600–2500 cm^−1; resonance, 257 nm	D	Spectral analysis	—
	—	2007	Jess et al. [41] (Herrington group)	Fingerprint region; 785 nm	D	PCA	—
	—	2010	Ostrowska et al. [42] (Lyng group)	Fingerprint region; 532 nm	D	PCA	HPV influence
	—	2010	Kim et al. [43] (Goodacre group)	Fingerprint region; 830 nm	—	Spectral analysis	HPV16 influence (E6 protein)
In vitro and cytology	50	2012	Vargis et al. [44] (Mahadevan-Jansen group)	Fingerprint region; 785 nm	—	SMLR	HPV detection
Cytology	94	2013	Rubina et al. [45] (Krishna group)	Fingerprint region; 785 nm		PCA-LDA	—
FFPP	18	2007	Krishna et al. [38]	Fingerprint region; 785 nm	D	PCA	—
	60	2007	Lyng et al. [39]	Fingerprint; 514.5 nm	D	PCA-LDA	—
Blood
Plasma	110	2013	Feng et al. [53] (Huang group)	350–1750 cm^−1; SERS, 785 nm	D	PCA-LDA	—
Serum	42	2014	González-Solís et al. [54]	Fingerprint region; 830 nm	D	PCA	—