Antibacterial Discovery and Development: From Gene to Product and Back

Table 1

Examples of natural products (NP), semisynthetic modified natural products (SNP), natural product-derived but produced by chemical synthesis (NP-derived), or totally synthetic antibiotics (S) launched since 2000: production method, chemical class, activity against Gram-positive and/or Gram-negative bacteria, lead source, and producing organism.

Production	Class	NP-lead source	Lead source	Antibacterial spectrum	Drug name	Year approved
Chemical synthesis	Oxazolidinone		S	G+	Linezolid	2000
Fed-batch fermentation	Lipopeptide	Actinomycete; (Streptomyces roseosporus)	SNP (A21978C)	G+	Daptomycin	2003
Chemical synthesis	Carbapenem		NP-derived	G+/G−	Doripenem	2005
Fed-batch fermentation	Pleuromutilin	Fungus; (Pleurotus spp.)	SNP (pleuromutilin)	G+	Retapamulin	2007
Fed-batch fermentation	Glycopeptide	Actinomycete; (Amycolatopsis spp.)	SNP (vancomycin)	G+	Telavancin	2009
Fed-batch fermentation	-lactam	Fungus; (Cephalosporium acremonium)	SNP (cephalosporin)	G+/G−	Ceftaroline fosamil	2010
Fed-batch fermentation	Tiacumicin	Actinomycete; (Dactylosporangium aurantiacum)	NP	G+	Fixadomicin	2011
Fed-batch fermentation	Glycopeptide	Actinomycete; (Nonomuraea sp.)	SNP (A40926)	G+	Dalbavancin	2014