Effects of Light Intensity Activity on CVD Risk Factors: A Systematic Review of Intervention Studies
Table 2
Summary of studies examining the effect of LIPA on CVD risk factors and CVD-related markers.
Marker
Summary coding of studies involving physically inactive population
Summary coding of studies involving populations with a medical condition
Summary coding of studies involving healthy population
Summary coding of all included studies
CVD risk factors
(%)
Effect (0/−/+/?)
(%)
Effect (0/−/+/?)
(%)
Effect (0/−/+/?)
(%)
Effect (0/−/+/?)
Body mass
0/4 (0%)
No (00)
0/0 (0%)
NA
0/4 (0%)
No (00)
0/5 (0%)
No (00)
WC
0/3 (0%)
No (0)
0/2 (0%)
No (0)
0/0 (0%)
NA
0/4 (0%)
No (00)
BMI
0/3 (0%)
No (0)
0/2 (0%)
No (0)
0/0 (0%)
NA
0/4 (0%)
No (00)
% BF
0/2 (0%)
No (0)
0/0 (0%)
NA
0/0 (0%)
NA
0/2 (0%)
No (0)
Systolic BP
3/5 (60%)
Positive (++)
2/3 (67%)
Positive (+)
0/5 (0%)
No (00)
3/9 (33%)
No (00)
Diastolic BP
2/5 (40%)
Inconsistent (??)
2/3 (67%)
Positive (+)
0/5 (0%)
No (00)
2/9 (22%)
No (00)
Glucose
1/8 (12%)
No (00)
1/3 (33%)
No (0)
0/8 (0%)
No (00)
3/16 (19%)
No (00)
Insulin
1/8 (12%)
No (00)
0/1 (0%)
NA
0/8 (0%)
No (00)
1/13 (8%)
No (00)
Hba1C
0/1 (0%)
NA
0/1 (0%)
NA
0/0 (0%)
NA
0/2 (0%)
No (0)
Total cholesterol
1/5 (20%)
No (00)
0/0 (0%)
NA
1/6 (17%)
No (00)
2/11(18%)
No (00)
HDL cholesterol
0/7 (0%)
No (00)
0/1 (0%)
NA
1/8 (12%)
No (00)
1/13 (8%)
No (00)
LDL cholesterol
0/4 (0%)
No (00)
0/0 (0%)
NA
0/3 (0%)
No (0)
0/6 (0%)
No (00)
Triglycerides
2/8 (25%)
No (00)
0/1 (0%)
NA
4/7 (57%)
Inconsistent (??)
5/13 (38%)
Inconsistent (??)
CVD-related markers
(%)
Effect (0/−/+/?)
(%)
Effect (0/−/+/?)
(%)
Effect (0/−/+/?)
(%)
Effect (0/−/+/?)
VO2 max
2/5 (40%)
Inconsistent (??)
0/1 (0%)
NA
1/2 (50%)
Inconsistent (?)
3/8 (38%)
Inconsistent (??)
Resting HR
1/4 (25%)
No (00)
0/1 (0%)
NA
0/3 (0%)
No (0)
1/5 (20%)
No (00)
CRP
0/2 (0%)
No (0)
0/0 (0%)
NA
0/0 (0%)
NA
0/2 (0%)
No (0)
Interleukin-6
0/3 (0%)
No (0)
0/2 (0%)
No (0%)
0/0 (0%)
NA
0/4 (0%)
No (00)
TNF-alpha
0/1 (0%)
NA
0/1 (0%)
NA
0/0 (0%)
NA
0/2 (0%)
No (0)
= number of studies reporting difference in the expected direction. = number of identified studies of interest. (%) = percentage of studies reporting differences in the expected direction. Summary effect. No effect (0): 0–33% of studies reported significant differences; inconsistent (?): 34–59% of studies reported significant differences; positive (+) or negative (−) effect: 60–100% of studies demonstrated significant differences; ≥4 studies: positive (++), negative (−−), no effect (00), and inconsistent findings (??). CVD markers (waist-to-hip ratio, heart rate maximal, and tumor necrosis factor receptor 2) with only one study demonstrating the effect of light intensity activity were excluded in this summary table. BF: body fat; BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; CRP: C-reactive protein; CVD: cardiovascular disease; Hba1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; HR: heart rate; LDL; low-intensity lipoprotein; NA: not applicable; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; VO2 max: maximal oxygen uptake; WC: waist circumference.
