What Are the Risk Factors Associated with Urinary Retention after Orthopaedic Surgery?

Table 1

Patient demographics and characteristics.

Demographic or characteristic	Number of patients
Sex (male/ female)	7798/7883
Age at surgery (years)	45.2 ± 23.1; (range, 0–107)
Type of anesthesia (general/spinal or epidural)	7372/8309
Type of surgery (joint arthroplasty/other types of surgery)	3784/11,897
Medical history of HTN	3630
Medical history of DM	1610
Consultation to urology department	752
Postoperative urinary retention	365
Voiding problem	234
Urinary tract infection	36
Genitourinary tract disease^†	39
Genital organs problem	39
Preoperative voiding difficulty	20
Trauma	19

Voiding problems include frequency, hematuria, dysuria, nocturia, incontinence, and urgency; ^†genitourinary tract diseases include benign prostate hypertrophy, malignancy, and urinary stone; HTN = hypertension; DM = diabetes mellitus.