BioMed Research International

Research Article

Evaluation of Toxic, Cytotoxic, Mutagenic, and Antimutagenic Activities of Natural and Technical Cashew Nut Shell Liquids Using the Allium cepa and Artemia salina Bioassays

Table 3

Anticytotoxicity of iCNSL and tCNSL as measured by the effect on the cell division rate of A. cepa roots (cm; mean ± standard deviation, and % cell division inhibition) at different concentrations and treatments with copper sulphate (1.2 μg·mL−1).
Treatments
(% inhibition)		Controls/vehicleiCNSLtCNSL
NCPCTWEENConcentrationsConcentrations
17.37 µg·mL−134.75 µg·mL−169.50 µg·mL−117.37 µg·mL−134.75 µg·mL−169.50 µg·mL−1
Pretreatment
(% inhibition)		NTNTNT 
(44.54%)		 
(54.96%)		 
(46.70%)		 
(83.10%)		 
(81.66%)		 
(74.35%)
Cotreatment
(% inhibition)		NTNTNT 
(53.63%)		 
(56.13%)		 
(48.33%)		 
(84.12%)		 
(82.72%)		 
(71.89%)
Posttreatment
(% inhibition)		NTNTNT 
(51.43%)		 
(60.90%)		 
(45.98%)		 
(75.07%)		 
(58.86%)		 
(39.39%)
NC (dechlorinated water). PC (copper sulphate solution). TWEEN (solvent). NT (not tested). 1.000 cells evaluated per bulb, totalling 5,000 cells per group. aSignificant compared with the negative control; bsignificant compared with the positive control. < 0.05, < 0.01, and < 0.001 ANOVA. Tukey’s test for multiple comparisons between groups.