Trunk and Shoulder Kinematic and Kinetic and Electromyographic Adaptations to Slope Increase during Motorized Treadmill Propulsion among Manual Wheelchair Users with a Spinal Cord Injury

Table 5

Group average (SD) mean and peak weight-normalised moments (Nm/kg) measured at the nondominant shoulder at the five different slopes as well as results of the ANOVA and post hoc comparison tests.

		Slopes					ANOVA	Eta-squared	Post hoc comparisons
		0°	2.7°	3.6°	4.8°	71°			0° versus 2.7°	2.7° versus 3.6°	3.6° versus 4.8°	4.8° versus 7.1°
Normalised moments (Nm/kg)		Shoulder—flexion (+), extension (−)							Shoulder—flexion (+), extension (−)
	Mean	0.140 (0.056)	0.226 (0.067)	0.248 (0.081)	0.233 (0.083)	0.242 (0.151)	0.027	0.288	<0.001	0.003	0.433	0.966
	Peak (maximum)	0.292 (0.109)	0.512 (0.152)	0.546 (0.167)	0.559 (0.128)	0.733 (0.302)	<0.001	0.588	<0.001	0.004	0.867	0.049
		Shoulder—abduction (+), adduction (−)							Shoulder—adduction (+), abduction (−)
	Mean	−0.016 (0.023)	−0.060 (0.050)	−0.069 (0.046)	−0.090 (0.043)	−0.103 (0.036)	<0.001	0.623	<0.001	0.414	0.147	0.366
	Peak (minimum)	−0.088 (0.041)	−0.257 (0.105)	−0.278 (0.104)	−0.369 (0.137)	−0.494 (0.133)	<0.001	0.797	<0.001	0.149	0.002	0.002
		Shoulder—internal rotation (+), external rotation (−)							Shoulder—internal rotation (+), external rotation (−)
	Mean	0.097 (0.036)	0.189 (0.050)	0.222 (0.064)	0.252 (0.065)	0.344 (0.101)	<0.001	0.726	<0.001	0.004	0.191	0.010
	Peak (maximum)	0.196 (0.078)	0.415 (0.144)	0.456 (0.129)	0.530 (0.148)	0.780 (0.184)	<0.001	0.801	<0.001	0.001	0.103	0.001