Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content of Various Solvent Extracts from In Vivo and In Vitro Grown Trifolium pratense L. (Red Clover)

Table 1

Total phenolic, total flavonoid, and extraction yield of methanol extract and soluble fractions of in  vivo and in vitro grown plants (aerial parts) and also callus tissue of Trifolium pretense.

Plant extract	Total phenolic; (mg gallic acid/g dry sample)	Total flavonoid; (mg rutin equivalent/g dry sample)	Extraction yield (%)
In vivo
Methanol extract	46.88 ± 1.07^a	26.61 ± 0.92^a	13.89 ± 0.54^a
n-Hexane fraction	30.52 ± 0.72^cd	16.06 ± 1.58^d	10.79 ± 0.59^c
Ethyl acetate fraction	27.57 ± 0.49^e	11.71 ± 1.43^fg	6.39 ± 1.12^e
Chloroform fraction	40.17 ± 0.88^b	19.56 ± 1.11^b	12.23 ± 0.54^b
In vitro
Methanol extract	31.94 ± 1.68^c	13.03 ± 0.79^ef	10.84 ± 0.72^c
n-Hexane fraction	20.06 ± 0.41^g	8.23 ± 0.96^h	5.20 ± 0.54^f
Ethyl acetate fraction	16.90 ± 1.19^h	6.11 ± 0.79^i	2.35 ± 0.5^g
Chloroform fraction	25.43 ± 0.87^f	10.39 ± 0.79^g	7.18 ± 0.82^e
Callus
Methanol extract	40.82 ± 1.5^b	17.84 ± 0.53^c	11.36 ± 0.55^bc
n-Hexane fraction	31.77 ± 1.14^c	12.70 ± 0.94^ef	6.13 ± 0.34^ef
Ethyl acetate fraction	19.23 ± 0.66^g	7.21 ± 0.74^hi	2.98 ± 0.66^g
Chloroform fraction	29.25 ± 1.62^de	14.02 ± 1.08^e	8.70 ± 0.52^d

Each value is represented as mean ± SD ().
Means in the same column not sharing the same letters are significantly different at (Duncan) .