Chewing Gum: Cognitive Performance, Mood, Well-Being, and Associated Physiology

Table 4

Mean change between gum and control conditions in well-being and performance during the workday.

	10 a.m.	11 a.m.	12 noon	2 p.m.	3 p.m.	Results
Cognitive problems	−.03 (.13)	−.03 (.18)	−.27 (.2)	−.11 (.17)	−.41 (.22)	Gum: F(1, 23) = 1.03, = .32, = .04; Time^*: F(2.68, 61.61) = 3.95, P = .02, = .15; Gum × time: F(4, 92) = .41, P = .8, = .02
Job stress	0 (.25)	−.07 (.25)	−.17 (.17)	−.32 (.21)	−.24 (.18)	Gum: F(1, 24) = .67, P = .42, = .03; Time: F(2.82, 67.71) = 3.46, = .01, = .13; Gum × time: F(2.01, 48.3) = .27, = .77, = .01
Fatigue	−.16 (.32)	−.24 (.36)	−.25 (.39)	−.9 (.4)	−.81 (.45)	Gum: F(1, 25) = 2.99, P = .1, = .11; Time: F(2.08, 51.99) = 1.05, P = .36, = .04; Gum × time: F(4, 100) = .86, P = .49, = .03
Anxiety	0 (.21)	0 (.16)	−.4 (.17)	−.07 (.1)	.07 (.16)	Gum: F(1, 26) = .19, P = .67, = .007; Time^*: F(4, 104) = 2.49, P = .047, = .09; Gum × time: F(2.74, 71.31) = .1.32, P = .28, = .05
Depression	.13 (.14)	.18 (.13)	−.03 (.14)	.07 (.09)	.14 (.15)	Gum: F(1, 22) = .01, = .91, = .001; Time: F(2.2, 47.9) = 2.04, = .14, = .09; Gum × time: F(4, 88) = 1.51, P = .21, = 06

Standard errors of the means are in parentheses. indicates < .05; indicates = .01.