Well-Designed Bone-Seeking Radiolabeled Compounds for Diagnosis and Therapy of Bone Metastases

Table 1

Properties of radionuclides.

Radionuclide	Half-life	Maximum energy of beta particles (MeV)	Main energy of gamma ray (keV, %)	Maximum range (mm)	Main production
Tc-99m	6.02 h	None	141 (89%)	—	^98Mo(n, γ)^99Mo; ^99Mo/^99mTc generator
Ga-68	67.6 m	None	1077 (3%); 1899 (89%)	—	^69Ga(p, 2n)^68Ge; ^68Ge/^68Ga generator
Sr-89	50.5 d	1.46	910 (0.01%)	7	^88Sr(n, γ)^89Sr
Sm-153	1.9 d	0.81	103 (28%)	4	^152Sm(n, γ)^153Sm
Re-186	3.8 d	1.07	137 (9%)	5	^186W(p, n)^186Re; ^185Re(n, γ)^186Re
Re-188	17.0 h	2.12	155 (15%)	10	^186W(n, γ)^187W; ^187W(n, γ)^188W; ^188W/^188Re generator
Ra-223	11.4 d	7.53^†	154 (6%), 270 (14%)	<0.1	^227Ac/^227Th generator

Positron energy.
^†α energy (Ra-223 has multiple decay to stable nuclide in which 4α particles are generated during each decay, resulting in high energy deposition (28.2 MeV), with 95% of the energy from the α emissions [67].).
^‡Ra-223 could be produced from ²²⁷Ac/²²⁷Th generator and purified using Ac-resin to immobilize ²²⁷Ac and ²²⁷Th [33].