Reference Clinical indication Number of treated patients with S53P4 implants Application form Number of successful treatments Complications related to S53P4 implant Study design Follow-up period [months] Examinations during follow-up Suominen and Kinnunen [18 ] Facial reconstructions 36 sites in 13 patients Granules (0.63–0.8 and 0.8–1 mm) and plates ( mm, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, or 3.0 mm thick) 36 1 reoperation for repositioning of orbital roof Prospective single centre cohort study 12 (average, range: 6–26) Clinical examination, radiographs, and QCT Aitasalo et al. [19 ] Orbital floor reconstructions of blowout fractures and zygomaticomaxillary fractures 34 Plates in 3 different sizes (diameter: 20, 25, or 30 mm, 1–1.5 mm thick) 33 1 removal due to incorrect size Retrospective single centre cohort study 10.9 (average, range: 6–12) Clinical examination by an ear, nose, and throat surgeon, an ophthalmologist, and a radiologist. Laboratory tests for infection, liver and kidney functions Peltola et al. [20 ] Orbital floor reconstructions of blowout fractures, zygomaticomaxillary fractures, and tumour removal 43 Plates (sizes not reported) 40 3 reoperations due to inappropriate size and shape Retrospective single centre cohort study 24 Clinical examination by the surgeon, ophthalmologist, examination of CT and MRI images, and laboratory tests for infection and kidney function Stoor et al. [21 ] Orbital floor reconstructions of blowout factures 20 Drop shaped in 2 sizes (1.5 mm thick and mm or mm) 20 None Prospective single centre cohort study 32 (average, range: 6–71) Clinical examination by the surgeon, examination CT and MRI Peltola et al. [22 ] Frontal sinus obliteration 42 Granules (0.5–0.8 and 0.8–1.0 mm) 39 None, but 2 reobliteration cases due to mucocele 1 reobliteration due to insufficient closure of the nasofrontal duct Prospective single centre cohort study 73.2 (average, range: 3–13.1) Clinical evaluation by the surgeons, examination by CT Stoor et al. [23 ] Septal perforation repair 11 Disks (200–1300 mm2 , 2 mm thick) 8 1 near total septum perforation could not be closed 2 small recurrent perforations Prospective single centre cohort study Range: 2–37 Clinical examination not reported Stoor and Grénman [24 ] Septal perforation repair 23 Disks (200–1300 mm2 , 2 mm thick) 22 1 near total septum perforation could not be closed 5 reoperations because of a small recurrent perforation: closed with bioactive glass, successfully Prospective single centre cohort study 28 (average, range: 12–68) Clinical examinations Turunen et al. [25 ] Maxillary sinus floor augmentation 17 Granules (0.8–1.0 mm) mixed with autologous bone chips 17 None Prospective single centre cohort study 17 (average, range: 7–30) Examination of biopsies by SEM, EDXA and histologically Sarin et al. [26 ] Mastoid obliteration 26 Plates and granules (sizes not reported) 21 1 reoperation due to inadequate fascia coverage 2 postoperative otorrhea cases which were debrided 2 ears which were not dry Prospective single centre cohort study 42.5 (average, range: 1–182) Clinical examinations Silvola [27 ] Mastoid obliteration 16 Granules (0.5–0.8 and 0.8–1.0 mm) 14 1 revision due to ruptured skin 1 meatoplasty because of too extensive filling Prospective single centre pilot study 26 (average, range: 7–48) Clinical outcome obtained by a grading system Stoor et al. [28 ] Mastoid obliteration 7 Granules (0.5–0.8 mm) 6 1 infection (related to conservative treatment instead of the S35P4) Prospective single centre case study 57 (average, range: 22–98) Clinical examinations, CT imaging (1 patient) Laboratory tests for infection and kidney functions