Kinematics of Rotation in Joints of the Lower Limbs and Pelvis during Gait: Early Results—SB ACLR Approach versus DB ACLR Approach

Table 2

Intragroup evaluation and intergroup comparison of examined variables in the ankle joint.

Ankle joint
Internal (+) and external (−) rotation during gait cycle (degrees)
Gait phases	Studied group	Involved/right leg		Uninvolved/left leg
			SD		SD
KHS	SB ACLR	−9.94	5.62	−7.31	9.65	0.501
	DB ACLR	−12.45	5.89	−6.44	11.52	0.046
	Control	−13.30	3.57	−11.15	3.61	0.075
	P	0.262		0.323
K1	SB ACLR	−10.78	5.19	−7.14	9.35	0.350
	DB ACLR	−13.05	6.63	−5.77	10.85	0.015
	Control	−13.01	4.23	−10.98	4.76	0.135
	P	0.534		0.256
K2	SB ACLR	−13.22	4.84	−10.49	9.67	0.469
	DB ACLR	−15.26	6.08	−9.22	11.07	0.069
	Control	−17.22	4.16	−15.21	4.15	0.142
	P	0.165		0.164
KTO	SB ACLR	−6.71	3.42	−2.03	7.55	0.097
	DB ACLR	−9.64	11.05	−3.38	12.15	0.311
	Control	−8.01	4.72	−5.88	3.50	0.084
	P	0.634		0.508
K3	SB ACLR	−13.51	5.62	−8.00	10.65	0.165
	DB ACLR	−15.25	11.54	−7.08	13.91	0.039
	Control	−13.23	6.47	−14.51	7.59	0.387
	P	0.799		0.162
K4	SB ACLR	−11.30	5.27	−9.62	10.45	0.673
	DB ACLR	−12.78	7.17	−7.20	12.84	0.263
	Control	−14.60	4.87	−13.35	4.35	0.398
	P	0.384		0.247

ACLR: anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction; SB ACLR: group after single-bundle ACLR; DB ACLR: group after double-bundle ACLR; control: control group; : arithmetic mean; SD: standard deviation; KHS: the first contact between the foot and the ground; K1: maximal knee flexion at the beginning of stance phase; K2: the biggest extension of the knee during a single stance; KTO: detaching the toes at the end of stance phase; K3: maximal knee flexion during swing phase; K4: maximal extension of the knee joint in the preparatory phase before stance phase; : significance level (one-way Anova); : significance level (parametric -test for dependent samples). Values in bold are statistically significant.
Presented values obtained in the SB and DB ACLR groups refer to involved leg while values obtained in the control group refer to the right leg.