Kinematics of Rotation in Joints of the Lower Limbs and Pelvis during Gait: Early Results—SB ACLR Approach versus DB ACLR Approach

Table 3

Intragroup evaluation and intergroup comparison of examined variables in the knee joint.

Knee joint
Internal (+) and external (−) rotation during gait cycle (degrees)
Gait phases	Studied group	Involved/right leg		Uninvolved/left leg
			SD		SD
KHS	SB ACLR	−21.85	8.80	−20.41	8.13	0.646
	DB ACLR	−15.38	8.52	−17.92	9.65	0.426
	Control	−13.79	3.38	−13.77	5.56	0.985
		0.024		0.114
K1	SB ACLR	−15.57	9.92	−13.81	7.40	0.508
	DB ACLR	−9.12	8.46	−10.20	10.45	0.404
	Control	−4.83	3.46	−4.61	6.48	0.889
		0.005		0.029
K2	SB ACLR	−16.71	11.16	−16.56	7.19	0.973
	DB ACLR	−11.94	8.35	−13.18	9.56	0.697
	Control	−10.24	3.50	−11.06	6.04	0.666
		0.135		0.230
KTO	SB ACLR	−14.96	9.20	−13.64	8.28	0.732
	DB ACLR	−6.57	8.93	−8.29	8.73	0.618
	Control	−3.43	3.48	−2.31	5.67	0.455
		0.002		0.003
K3	SB ACLR	−14.50	8.35	−11.95	11.30	0.564
	DB ACLR	−4.75	8.60	−6.92	11.78	0.550
	Control	−2.31	5.38	−4.73	10.10	0.272
		0.001		0.284
K4	SB ACLR	−22.92	8.30	−19.88	7.42	0.484
	DB ACLR	−16.15	11.37	−17.58	9.82	0.701
	Control	−12.43	3.11	−12.65	6.62	0.892
		0.012		0.081

ACLR: anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction; SB ACLR: group after single-bundle ACLR; DB ACLR: group after double-bundle ACLR; control: control group; : arithmetic mean; SD: standard deviation; KHS: the first contact between the foot and the ground; K1: maximal knee flexion at the beginning of stance phase; K2: the biggest extension of the knee during a single stance; KTO: detaching the toes at the end of stance phase; K3: maximal knee flexion during swing phase; K4: maximal extension of the knee joint in the preparatory phase before stance phase; : significance level (one-way Anova); : significance level (parametric -test for dependent samples). Values in bold are statistically significant.
Presented values obtained in the SB and DB ACLR groups refer to involved leg while values obtained in the control group refer to the right leg.