Dendritic Cell-Based Immunotherapy Treatment for Glioblastoma Multiforme

Table 4

Regulators in the GBM microenvironment. GBM: glioblastoma multiforme, NK: natural killer; IFN: interferon; IL: interleukin, Tregs: regulatory T cells, MDSCs: myeloid-derived suppressor cells, TGF: transforming growth factor, and VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor.

Positive regulators		Negative regulators
Cells	Cytokines	Cells	Cytokines
CD8^+ T cells [85]; CD4^+ T cells [86]; NK cells [87]	IFN-α [97]; IFN-β [96]; IL-12p70 [3]; IL-2 [89]; IL-12 [95]	Tregs [103]; MDSCs [112]	TGF-β [98]; VEGF [115]