Use of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound to Study Relationship between Serum Uric Acid and Renal Microvascular Perfusion in Diabetic Kidney Disease

Table 1

Characteristics with study groups.

Parameters	Normal control (NC)	Diabetic kidney damage (DKD)
		Normal SUA	High SUA
Number	26	44	35
Age (year)
Female (%)	50.0 (13/26)	52.3 (23/44)	65.7 (23/35)
BMI^1 (kg/m^2)
Hypertension (%)	0^*	81.8 (36/44	88.6 (31/35
eGFR^2 (mL/min/1.73 m^2)	127.9 (108.1–139.1)^*	81.79 (55.7–118.7	54.70 (38.7–85.9
CKD stage^3		2.0 (1–3)	3 (2-3)^*
BUN^4 (mmol/L)	5.20 (4.6–5.7)^*	6.9 (5.7–8.3	8.2 (6.6–11.2
SCr^5 (μmol/L)	57.95 (52.5–65.7)^*	85.6 (58.4–115.9	119.3 (78.4–160.7
SUA (μmol/L)
UUA^6 (mmol/24 h)
Urine TRF^7 (mg/L)	0.0 (0-0)^*	9.0 (1.1–82.5)	18 (1.4–64.0
α1-MG/UCR^8 (g/mol)	0.0 (0-0)^*	3.2 (80–11.31	4.05 (0–8.6)
MALB^9 (mg/L)	13.75 (12.5–21.4)^*	265.6 (67.9–495.9	335.3 (121.1–576.5
MALB/UCR^10 (g/mol)	2.81 (2.3–4.0)^*	40.04 (7.3–97.0	59.90 (17.5–91.8
Urine RBP^11 (mg/L)	0.60 (0.5-0.6)^*	2.6 (1.2–3.6	2.8 (2.0–3.6
Urine protein (g/24 h)	0.055 (0.03–0.09)^*	0.57 (0.1–2.4	1.0 (0.2–2.3

Values are represented as mean ± standard error, median (25%–75% interquartile), or percentage where appropriate. SUA, serum uric acid. SUA ≥360 μmol/L (6 mg/dL) in females and ≥420 μmol/L (7 mg/dL) in males are considered as high SUA; otherwise, the levels are considered as normal SUA. , compared to DKD patients with normal SUA; , compared to normal control.
¹BMI, body mass index; ²eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; the calculation is based on the modified-MDRD equation; ³CKD stage, chronic kidney disease stages are classified according to K/DOQI CKD guideline (https://www.kidney.org/professionals/KDOQI/guidelines_commentaries); ⁴BUN, blood urea nitrogen; ⁵SCr, serum creatinine; ⁶UUA, urinary uric acid; ⁷TRF, transferrin; ⁸α1-MG/UCR, urinary α1-microglobulin/creatinine ratio; ⁹MALB, urinary microalbumin; ¹⁰MALB/UCR, urinary microalbumin/creatinine ratio; ¹¹RBP, retinol binding protein.