Cardiac Emergencies in Neurosurgical Patients

Table 4

Cardiac emergencies in cerebrovascular surgery.

Author	Patient	Procedure	Cardiac rhythm	Cause	Management	Outcome
Kitabayashi et al. [31]	69 y ♀	Pterional craniotomy; (Acom aneurysm)	Asystole (three episodes)	TCR; (dural manipulation, remifentanil)	Atropine, release of stimulation	No neurological deficits
Spiriev et al. [32]	51 y ♀	Pcomm-ICA aneurysm clipping	Asystole	TCR with clip placement	Atropine, ephedrine	CN3 palsy
Kotake et al. [33]	54 y ♀	Aneurysm clipping	Bradycardia, complete AV block, VT/VF, PEA	Coronary vasospasm	Lidocaine, defibrillation, epinephrine	No neurological deficits
Faberowski and Gravenstein [34]	54 y ♂	Craniotomy; (parietotemporal AVM)	VT	Myocardial ischemia	Withdrawal CVC, IV lidocaine, precordial thump, CPR (supine), defibrillation, epinephrine; surgery postponed.	No neurological deficits

♀ = female gender; ♂ = male gender; Acom = anterior communicating artery; TCR = trigeminocardiac reflex; AV block = atrioventricular block; VT = ventricular tachycardia; VF = ventricular fibrillation; PEA = pulseless electrical activity; CPR = cardiopulmonary resuscitation including chest compressions; no neurological deficits = postoperative deficits not mentioned.