The Formation of Biofilms by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A Review of the Natural and Synthetic Compounds Interfering with Control Mechanisms

Figure 1

Biofilm lifestyle cycle of P. aeruginosa PAO1 grown in glucose minimal media. In stage I, planktonic bacteria initiate attachment to an abiotic surface, which becomes irreversible in stage II. Stage III corresponds to microcolony formation. Stage IV corresponds to biofilm maturation and growth of the three-dimensional community. Dispersion occurs in stage V and planktonic bacteria that are released from the biofilm to colonize other sites. The biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa PAO1 was revealed with Syto9 and visualized in Leica DM IRE2 inverted fluorescence microscope with 400x magnification at 2 h (Stage I), 8 h (Stage II), 14 h (Stage III), 1 to 4 days (Stage IV), and 5 days (Stage V). Images represent a 250 × 250-μm field.