The Formation of Biofilms by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A Review of the Natural and Synthetic Compounds Interfering with Control Mechanisms

Table 3

Factors affecting biofilm lifestyle regulation.

Biofilm lifestyle cycle	Stage I; Reversible attachment	Stage II; Irreversible attachment	Stage III; Maturation-1; (microcolony development)	Stage IV; Maturation-2; (maintenance)	Stage V; Dispersion
Implicated factors	c-di-GMP	(i) Flagella and type IV pili; (ii) Adhesins; (iii) Psl, Pel	(i) Cell-to-cell communication lasI; (ii) Type IV fimbriae; (iii) Matrix components: Psl, Pel, eDNA; (iv) Lectin A, B; (v) rhlA	(i) Cell-to-cell communication; (ii) Matrix components: Psl, Pel, eDNA; (iii) rhlA	Rhamnolipids
General target	(i) Promoting planktonic lifestyle; (ii) Blocking switch from planktonic to biofilm lifestyle	Reducing initial adhesion and interaction	Interfering with QS communication	(i) Reactivating metabolic activity for antibiotic efficiency.; (ii) Interfering with QS communication	Promoting dispersion and degradation
Examples of extracts or compounds	(i) Ginger extract; (ii) Ursolic acid	(i) Casbane diterpene; (ii) Coumarate ester	Coumarate ester	(i) Solenopsin A; (ii) Naringenin; (iii) Furanone C-30 and -56; (iv) Flavan-3-ol Catechin; (v) Ajoene; (vi) Coumarate ester	DNAse I, 1L2