Virus Animal model/strain Virus strain Virus dose Route(s) of infection % Time to death Salient features Reference OW LASV Guinea pig/Strain 13 Jos, Z-132, and Sor ≥2 PFU, 4 TCID50 some studies s.c., i.p., and i.m. 60% (Sor)–100% (Jos, Z-132) 11–22 (Jos, Z-132), >17 days (Sor) interstitial pneumonia, Sor strain less virulent [101 , 102 , 109 ] Guinea pig/Hartley Jos ≥2 PFU s.c., i.p. <30% (s.c.) 15–24 Viremia, seroconversion [109 , 110 ] Macaque Jos, Z-132, and Sor 1 × 104 TCID50 i.m., aerosol 57% (Sor)–100% (Jos, Sor) 12–19 Viremia, interstitial pneumonia, vasculitis, and occasional virus shedding [101 , 110 –117 ] Marmoset Jos 1 × 103 –1 × 106 PFU s.c. Unknown (animals euthanized) Unknown Hepatic necrosis, lymphoid depletion, and interstitial nephritis [118 , 119 ] Mastomys natalensis Unclear Unclear i.p. None None Persistent infection [110 ] Guinea pig/Strain 13 NA 10–100,000 FFU i.p. 100% 11–16 Weight loss, virus in multiple organs, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, elevated transaminase levels, and animal age 52–78 weeks [108 ] Macaques NA 10,000 TCID50 i.m. Not lethal Not lethal Mild illness, delayed inflammatory response [120 ] NW JUNV Guinea pig/Strain 13 Rom, XJ 1,000–6,000 PFU i.p. 0–100% 100% (Rom), 0% (XJ) Weight loss, elevates AST/PLT levels, thrombocytopenia [83 ] Guinea pig/Hartley Multiple, Rom (most lethal) 1–5,000 PFU i.p., i.n., i.m., and oral 0–100% Hemorrhagic strains; 12–19, neurological strains; >20, attenuated strains; no death Strain dependent: neurological and/or hemorrhagic, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and interferon-alpha production [79 –83 , 85 , 89 –93 ] Neonatal mice XJ13, can#1, reassert, and gene replacements 500 TCID50 i.c. 0–100% <28 Death is inconsistent with human disease, strain Can#1 is not lethal [121 ] Mice/type I IFN α /β and gamma receptor KO Rom 10,000 PFU i.p. Unclear; all euthanized with severe disease ~13.5 Viremia, viral dissemination [122 ] Macaque Rom, Esp, and Led 10,000–100,000 PFU i.m. 0% (Rom) Day 33 (Esp) Espindola; hemorrhagic, Ledesma; neurological manifestations [106 , 107 , 123 –126 ] Marmoset XJ 1,000 TCID50 i.m. 100% 22–32 Anorexia, decrease in weight, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, viremia, hemorrhage of the gums, pharynx, esophagus abdominal cavity, and neurological illness [127 –130 ] Calomys musculinus An9446 100 TCID50 i.n. ~70% (newborn) Day 24–40 (newborn) Persistent infection model, impacts adult fertility [131 –134 ] MACV Guinea pig/Hartley Car, Chi 10,000 PFU i.p. 0–80% 18–23 days Weight loss, decreased activity, and strain 13 animals also attempted [94 –97 ] Mice/type I IFN α /β and gamma receptor KO Car, recombinant Car 10,000 PFU i.p. 100% 23-24 Viremia, neuronal damage, and recombinant virus as lethal as wild-type [135 ] Mice/STAT KO Car 1,000 PFU i.p. 100% 7.3 Elevated cytokines [136 ] Macaque Car, Chi 1,000–100,000 PFU i.m., aerosol 100% (some euthanized with severe disease) 16–21 Hemorrhagic, facial edema, anorexia, tremor, and photophobia (one animal) [97 , 137 –140 ] Calomys callosus Unknown 100–10,000 PFU i.p. 0% NA Persistent infection model [96 , 141 ] GTOV Guinea pig/Hartley 95551 1,000 PFU i.p. 100% 12–18 Weight loss, hemorrhage [98 ] Guinea pig/Strain 13 95551 1,000 PFU i.p. 100% 12–18 Weight loss, hemorrhage [98 , 99 ] PICV Hamster/LVA AN 3739, AN 4763 35–3.5 × 106 PFU i.p., s.c. Lethality only in <8-day-old animals unless immunosuppressed 6–35 in <8-day-old hamsters Humoral response, adults clear virus [142 , 143 ] Hamster/MHA AN 3739 35 PFU– i.p. >70% lethality 8–22 Peak viremia day 8, higher challenge dose led to >90% lethality, and humoral response [142 ] Guinea pig/strain 13 AN 4763 0.003–3000 PFU s.c. 0–100% 13–18 P18 virus lethal, P2 not lethal [144 ] Guinea pig/Hartley AN 4763 0.003–3000 PFU s.c. 0%–43% 8–18 Only high doses lethal [144 ]
