Research Advances in Tissue Engineering Materials for Sustained Release of Growth Factors

Table 2

New material and method for controlled release of varied GFs.

Types of GFs	Types of materials	Strategies for loading GFs	In vitro/in vivo effect	References
VEGF	PEG-heparin hydrogel	3D porous matrix through photocrosslinker along with the foaming process	Only 34% released over 13 days; more increase in angiogenesis in vivo	[56]
bFGF	PMMA-b-PMAETMA	Self-assembled core-shell of heparinized CS/c-PGA nanoparticles	Preserved heparin-bFGF biological activity in vitro	[57]
NGF	Iron oxide nanoparticles	Covalently conjugating the factor to iron oxide NP	Significantly promoted neurite outgrowth and increased the complexity of the neuronal branching trees in vitro	[58]
IGF-1	Collagen-GAG scaffold	Monitoring the amount of collagen and proteoglycan synthesized by chondrocytes seeded within the scaffolds	Provided an initial therapeutic burst release of IGF-1 which is beneficial in initiating ECM deposition and repair in the in vitro model	[59]
TGF-3	PLCL scaffold	Supercritical CO2-HFIP cosolvent system	Long-term delivery of TGF-3 prevented the hypertrophy of differentiated chondrocytes	[60]
VEGF and bFGF	Fibrin-based scaffold	Fibrin-based scaffold containing PLGA nanoparticles loaded with VEGF and bFGF	Complete reepithelialization, with enhanced granulation tissue formation, maturity, and collagen deposition	[61]