Research Article

Towards a Food Safety Knowledge Base Applicable in Crisis Situations and Beyond

Table 1

Studies on inactivation of ricin in food matrices.

MatrixEnvironmental conditionsDetection method(s)Rate constantsaReference

Apple juice25°C;
60–90°C ()
ELISA, cytotoxicity assay[21]
Beef63°C; 72°CFluorescence[22]
Buffers (HCl, KCl, glycine, acetic acid, KOH, KH2PH4, K2HPO4, boric acid, KHCO3, K2CO3)43.9, 52.9, 65.3, 71.5, 78.2, 86.5°C
pH 1–12
Visible light (colour change)[23]
Egg63°C; 72°CFluorescence[22]
Infant formula60–90°C ()ELISA, cytotoxicity assay[14]
Infant formulacNaClO (1.3, 6.7, 13 mM) at RTELISA, cytotoxicity assay[24]
Infant formulacPAA (6.6, 13, 26 mM) at RTELISA, cytotoxicity assay[24]
Milk63°C; 72°CFluorescence[22]
Na-phosphate/Na-acetate bufferpH 3–10 () at 20°CFluorescence[13]
Na-phosphate/Na-acetate bufferpH 2–7 at 25°C () and 60°C ();
5–70°C at pH 7.3 (), 4.7 (),
4.0 () and 3.0 ()
Fluorescenceb[25]
Orange juice25°C;
60–90°C ()
ELISA, cytotoxicity assay[21]
Pancake mixcNaClO (6.7, 13, 27 mM) at RT ELISA, cytotoxicity assay[24]
Pancake mixcPAA (6.6, 13 mM) at RTELISA, cytotoxicity assay[24]
Pancake mixcPAA-based disinfectant (1.0, 3.0, 5.0% with pH 5.0, 4.4, 3.9, resp.) at RTELISA[24]
Pancake mixcCAD (3.0, 5.0, 7.0% with pH 10.2, 11.0, 12.1, resp.) at RTELISA[24]
PBS63°C; 72°CFluorescence[22]
PBScNaClO (67, 130, 270 M) at RTELISA, cytotoxicity assay[24]
PBScPAA (6.6, 13, 26 mM) at RTELISA, cytotoxicity assay[24]
PBScPAA-based disinfectant (0.1, 0.5, 1.0% with pH 6.2, 5.7, 5.0, resp.) at RTELISA[24]
PBScCAD (0.5, 2.0, 5.0% with pH 8.8, 9.7, 11.0, resp.) at RTELISA[24]
Peanut buttercNaClO (13, 27, 40 mM) at RTELISA, cytotoxicity assay[24]
Peanut buttercPAA (39, 66, 130 mM) at RTELISA, cytotoxicity assay[24]
Peanut buttercPAA-based disinfectant (1.0, 3.0, 5.0% with pH 5.0, 4.4, 3.9, resp.) at RTELISA[24]
Peanut buttercCAD (3.0, 5.0, 7.0% with pH 10.2, 11.0, 12.1, resp.) at RTELISA[24]

✓: published rate constants useful for modelling the inactivation of ricin in foods.
bFluorescence of ricin B-chain.
cIn solution and dried on stainless steel coupons.
NaClO: sodium hypochlorite, CAD: chlorinated alkaline detergent, PAA: peracetic acid, and RT: room temperature.