Comprehensive Review of Adipose Stem Cells and Their Implication in Distraction Osteogenesis and Bone Regeneration

Table 1

Required supplements to induce differentiation of ASC into different lineages.

Cell lineage	Serum/media	Supplement required	Lineage characterization	Histologic/immunohistochemistry assay
Adipocytes [144, 149, 161]	(1) DMEM; (2) 10% FBS	(1) Isobutylmethylxanthine; (2) Insulin; (3) Dexamethasone; (4) Indomethacin	(1) Lipid accumulation	(1) Oil red O stain; (2) Sudan III stain
Osteocytes [144, 149, 162]	(1) DMEM; (2) 10% FBS	(1) 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin; (2) β-glycerophosphate; (3) Ascorbate-2-phosphate; (4) Dexamethasone	(1) Alkaline phosphatase; activity; (2) Production of calcified; matrix	(1) Alizarin red stain; (2) Von Kossa stain
Chondrocyte [163–165]	(1) DMEM; (2) 1% FBS	(1) TGF-β1; (2) Insulin; (3) Dexamethasone; (4) Ascorbate-2-phosphate; (5) BMP-6	(1) Sulfated proteoglycan; rich matrix; (2) Synthesis of collagen II	(1) Alcian blue stain; (2) Collagen type II monoclonal antibodies

DMEM: Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium, FBS: fetal bovine serum, BMP-2: bone morphogenetic protein-2, BMP-6: bone morphogenetic protein-6, and TGF-β1: tissue growth factor.