|
| Author | Cell type | Scaffold | Model | Observation |
|
| ASC’s application with scaffolds, without the use of growth factors |
|
|
Yoon et al. [200] | ASC &
d-ASC | PLGA | Calvarial CSD in rats | d-ASCs with PGLA have better bone regeneration capability in CSD than constructs with ASC alone |
|
| Cui et al. [201] | ASC | Coral | Calvarial CSD in dogs | Bone was almost completely restored in the CSD, when ASCs were applied. Minimal bone formation with fibroid tissues was observed in the control group |
|
| Carvalho et al. [202] | ASC | SPCL | Calvarial CSD in mice | Nondifferentiated human ASCs enhance ossification of nonhealing mice CSD |
|
| Schubert et al. [203] | d- ASC | 3D osteogenic ASC | (1) Four-level spinal fusion in pigs
(2) Femur CSD in pigs | In a spine fusion model, applying 3D d-ASC demonstrated a significant increase in bone formation
In the femoral CSD model, the 3D d-ASC achieved new bone formation and fusion in a poorly vascularized fibrotic environment |
|
| Liu et al. [204] | Al- ASCs,
Au-ASC | Coral | Cranial CSD in dogs | Allo-ASC transplantation did not induce a systemic immune response and was able to repair the cranial CSDs in an analogous way to that of the autologous cells |
|
| Cowan et al. [205] | ASC | PGLA | Calvarial CSD in mice | ASC showed a significant intramembranous bone formation by 2 weeks and complete bridging by 12 weeks without any additives |
|
| Di Bella et al. [206] | ASC,
d-ASC | PLA
& FPLA | Skull CSD in rabbits | (1) FPLA as a fibronectin-coated scaffold promotes bone formation more than using PLA alone
(2) d-ASCs combined with FPLA enhance bone formation significantly when compared with ASC alone |
|
| Lendeckel et al. [207] | ASC | Fibrin glue & bone graft | Cranial CSD in a 7-year-old girl | Complete calvarial healing after 3 months |
|
| Nomura et al. [208] | ASC | Collagen gel | DO femur in rats | ASC promoted bone formation in the distracted callus and shortening the consolidation phase |
|
| Sunay et al. [209] | ASC,
d-ASC | | DO tibia in rabbits | d-ASC showed increase in the callus density and the ossification rate compared to the undifferentiated ASC. The quality of bone formed within the callus was significantly enhanced. Use of d-ASC can shorten the consolidation period of distraction osteogenesis |
|
| Arrigoni et al. [210] | ASC | HA | Tibia CSD in rabbits | ASCs-HA constructs improved bone healing significantly, when compared to using scaffold alone |
|
Cheng et al.
[211] | ASC | DBM | Calvarial CSD in rabbits | New bone formation was documented in bone defects transplanted with DBM-ASCs composites |
|
| ASC’s application with scaffolds, with the use of growth factors like BMP2 and TGF (β3) |
|
| Lin et al. [212] | BMP2 expressing ASC and TGF (β3) | PLGA or gelatin sponge | Calvarial CSD in rabbits | Gelatin sponges and apatite coated PLGA were compared as scaffolds. Gelatin scaffold stimulated the bone healing more than apatite coated PLGA, regardless of BMP2 or TGF-β3 expression. The ASCs/gelatin expressing BMP2 triggered better bone healing than ASCs/gelatin expressing TGF-β3 |
|
| Peterson et al. [213] | HPLA, with BMP-2 carrying adenovirus | CCC | Femur CSD in rats | HPLA cells genetically modified by adenoviruses, overexpressing BMP-2, can induce bone formation in vivo and heal CSD in rat femurs |
|
| Levi et al. [214] | Human ASC,
with BMP-2 | PGLA | Calvarial CSD in mice | (1) Human ASCs ossify CSD without the need for predifferentiation
(2) rBMP-2 was observed to increase human ASC osteogenesis in vitro and osseous healing in vivo |
|
