Hypoglycaemia, Abnormal Lipids, and Cardiovascular Disease among Chinese with Type 2 Diabetes
Table 1
Clinical and biochemical characteristics of study patients by hypoglycaemia.
Variables
Nonhypoglycaemia ()
Mild hypoglycaemia ()
Severe hypoglycaemia ()
P value
Mean or % (S.E. or )
Mean or % (S.E. or )
Mean or % (S.E. or )
Age, year
56.4 (0.13)†,‡
55.5 (0.60)†
61.5 (1.18)‡
<0.0001
Male gender
56.7% (3589)
52.0% (158)
62.5% (50)
0.1490
BMI, kg/m2
24.0 (0.03)†,‡
<0.0001
BMI ≥ 24.0 but <28 kg/m2
39.5% (2497)
22.7% (69)
10.0% (8)
<0.0001
BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2
9.2% (580)
7.2% (22)
0% (0)
Duration of diabetes, year*
3.6 (0.05)†
5.0 (0.25)†
4.4 (0.48)
<0.0001
Systolic BP, mmHg
131 (0.2)
131 (0.7)
131 (1.3)
0.8935
Diastolic BP, mmHg
81 (0.1)
81 (0.4)
81 (0.9)
0.6782
HbA1c, %
10.4 (0.02)†
10.0 (0.09)†
10.3 (0.17)
0.0006
LDL-C, mmol/L
3.15 (0.01)†,‡
3.36 (0.06)†
3.64 (0.11)‡
0.0001
LDL-C ≥ 2.6 mmol/L
80.0% (5064)
89.1% (271)
96.3 (77)
<0.0001
HDL-C, mmol/L*
1.90 (1.39–2.90)†,‡
2.60 (1.90–3.20)†
2.50 (2.00–2.90)‡
<0.0001
HDL-C <1.0 mmol/L in male and <1.3 mmol/L in female
14.6% (924)
6.9% (21)
0% (0)
<0.0001
Triglyceride, mmol/L*
2.30 (1.54–3.00)†,‡
2.60 (2.15–3.20)†
2.80 (2.40–3.20)‡
<0.0001
Triglyceride ≥ 1.7 mmol/L
70.8% (4483)
85.2% (259)
97.5% (78)
<0.0001
Urinary ACR, mg/mmol*
0.17 (0.15–0.20)†
0.16 (0.15–0.19)
0.16 (0.15–0.17)†
0.0025
Complications
Coronary artery disease
4.9% (308)
11.8% (36)
16.3% (13)
<0.0001
Stroke
1.3% (85)
2.6% (8)
16.3% (13)
<0.0001
Peripheral artery disease
3.1% (199)
3.6% (11)
7.5% (6)
0.0830
Cardiovascular diseases
7.7% (485)
16.5% (50)
32.5% (26)
<0.0001
Drug use before admission
Statins
5.2% (327)
5.3% (16)
1.3% (1)
0.2857
Other lipid lowering drugs
0.9% (59)
0.7% (2)
3.8% (3)
0.0312
Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors
5.9% (370)
8.2% (25)
3.8% (3)
0.1629
Other antihypertensive drugs
3.0% (190)
4.9% (15)
0% (0)
0.0449
Oral antidiabetes drugs only
38.9% (2461)
49.0% (149)
38.8% (31)
0.0019
GLP-1 based treatment
0.2% (13)
0.7% (2)
15% (12)
<0.0001
Basal insulin based treatment
<0.0001
No
87.3% (5524)
77.3% (235)
80.0% (64)
Basal insulin
7.4% (471)
17.4% (53)
14% (17.5%)
Basal + meal time insulin
5.3% (334)
5.3% (16)
2.5% (2)
Premixed insulin based treatment
<0.0001
No
79.3% (5016)
81.6% (248)
73.8% (59)
Once per day
0.8% (48)
1.0% (3)
16.3% (13)
Twice per day
20.0% (1265)
17.4% (53)
10.0% (8)
ACR: albumin to creatinine ratio; GLP: glucagon-like peptide; BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. *Data were presented as median and their interquartile ranges. P values were derived from Chi-square test or analysis of variance. For analysis of continuous variables, Bonferroni test was used to perform multiple comparisons with identical †, ‡, or § indicating statistically significant differences between two means.
