Ischemic Postconditioning and Subanesthetic S(+)-Ketamine Infusion: Effects on Renal Function and Histology in Rats

Table 1

Descriptive and longitudinal analysis of the biochemical variables within each group.

Collect										Time effect^a	Contrast analysis
Group	Mean		SD	Mean		SD	Mean		SD
Cr
CG	0.430	±	0.142	0.620	±	0.193	0.550	±	0.108	0.021
KG	0.350	±	0.053	0.520	±	0.079	0.570	±	0.082	0.0001
IPG	0.390	±	0.074	0.820	±	0.274	2.60	±	1.67	0.0001
KIPG	0.418	±	0.117	0.964	±	0.112	3.26	±	1.83	0.0001
NGAL
CG	5.8	±	4.9	20.0	±	23.0	217.2	±	65.4	0.0001
KG	5.3	±	4.5	5.2	±	2.7	226.5	±	96.6	0.0001
IPG	10.1	±	10.4	37.7	±	41.3	343.6	±	50.6	0.0001
KIPG	20.8	±	19.9	66.0	±	104.9	374.0	±	17.7	0.0001
Na^+
CG	132.4	±	3.2	130.9	±	4.1	134.4	±	2.2	0.091
KG	130.1	±	4.0	132.9	±	1.7	133.8	±	3.3	0.025
IPG	128.5	±	2.8	128.2	±	2.4	128.6	±	1.9	0.90
KIPG	130.7	±	3.3	129.4	±	2.7	131.4	±	3.6	0.32
BUN
CG	55.0	±	14.8	63.7	±	16.3	56.3	±	11.6	0.17
KG	50.6	±	3.1	58.0	±	3.9	60.1	±	8.5	0.004
IPG	45.4	±	5.3	60.8	±	7.2	174.5	±	70.1	0.0001
KIPG	46.4	±	5.9	62.9	±	4.2	206.0	±	76.2	0.0001

SD: standard deviation; Cr: creatinine; NGAL: neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; Na⁺: sodium; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; CG: control group; KG: subanesthetic S(+)-ketamine continuous infusion group; IPG: ischemic postconditioning (IP) group; KIPG: subanesthetic S(+)-ketamine continuous infusion + IP group.
^aANOVA for repeated measures within each experimental group.