Systemic Inflammation in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Association with Muscle Function and Nutritional Status

Table 2

Inflammatory parameters and body composition in DMD patients with different levels of muscle function.

	Vignos Scale A	Vignos Scale B	Vignos Scale C
	(1–5)	(6–8)	(9-10)
	n = 44	n = 6	n = 8
Age (years)	8.04 ± 2.08^a	11.04 ± 3.49^b	13.43 ± 1.70^b
IL-6 (pg/mL)	2.99 (2.00, 9.01)^a	3.27 (2.00, 4.23)^a	2.46 (2.00, 4.37)^a
IL-1 (pg/mL)	6.18 (0.23, 28.30)^a	8.46 (7.76, 10.30)^b	1.44 (1.22, 2.82)^c
TNF-α (pg/mL)	11.24 ± 2.91^a	10.53 ± 1.86^a,b	8.71 ± 2.17^b,c
Adiponectin (ng/mL)	33.72 ± 20.40^a	51.83 ± 33.04^a	42.62 ± 15.19^a
Leptin (ng/mL)	7.59 ± 7.86^a	15.00 ± 6.66^b	23.10 ± 18.65^b
CRP (mg/dL)	0.72 (0.30, 7.44)^a	1.31 (0.30, 5.46)^a	3.94 (2.52, 6.96)^b
CK (U/L)	14332.14 ± 6382.63^a	6241.66 ± 3090.21^b	3987.50 ± 1818.74^b,c
Body weight (kg)	24.24 ± 7.99^a	35.50 ± 13.00^b	48.00 ± 18.10^b
Height (m)	1.20 ± 0.11^a	1.34 ± 0.16^b	1.52 ± 0.16^b
Body fat mass (%)	23.25 ± 11.09^a	41.88 ± 8.57^b	49.93 ± 6.88^c
Lean body mass (kg)	16.90 ± 3.70^a	18.78 ± 4.40^a,b	22.44 ± 6.15^b
Body fat mass (kg)	6.00 ± 4.74^a	14.80 ± 8.56^b	24.10 ± 11.91^c

DMD: Duchenne muscular dystrophy; IL-6: cytokine 6; IL-1: cytokine 1; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor; CRP: C-reactive protein; CK: creatine kinase.
The parameter of Vignos Scale was grouped according to Vignos scale A (0–5 points), Vignos Scale B (6–8 points), and Vignos Scale C (9-10 points).
Values are presented as mean ± SD.
Different superscript letters (a, b, and c) indicate statistical significance. P < 0.05 (ANOVA, comparison among Vignos Scale groups using Bonferroni post hoc test). Some columns show two letters indicative of statistical significance (no difference or difference with other groups).