Alterations of Dendritic Cells in Sepsis: Featured Role in Immunoparalysis

Table 1

Potential therapeutic approaches for reversing DC impaired function.

Treatment	Major functions	References
IL-15	It can block sepsis-induced apoptosis of immune cells, increase the abundance of Bcl-2 while decreasing Bim and PUMA, and then increase survival.	[109]
TAT-Bcl-xL; TAT-BH4	The two peptides can inhibit sepsis-induced lymphocyte apoptosis and improve survival.	[110]
Fms-like tyrosine kinase-3 ligand (Flt3L)	It can increase the numbers of DCs in spleen and reverse immunoparalysis.	[111, 112]
Anti-C5a antibody	It can prevent IL12^+DC cells migration from the peritoneal cavity to peripheral blood and lymph nodes, thus improving survival.	[118]
TLR2-derived peptide	It can promote DC maturation and Th1 adaptive immune response.	[121]
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2)	It can promote DC maturation and increase the IFN- secretion.	[122]
Silencing of miR-142-3p	It can promote the expression of IL-6 and then reduce endotoxin-mediated mortality.	[123]