Bioavailability of Dietary Polyphenols and Gut Microbiota Metabolism: Antimicrobial Properties

Table 1

Main metabolites derived from flavonoids and identified bacteria involved in their transformation.

Precursors		Main metabolites identified	Bacteria	References
	Kaempferol	2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid	Clostridium  orbiscidens	[20]
Flavonols	Quercetin	2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid; 2-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)acetic acid; 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid; 3-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid	C.  orbiscidens, Eubacterium oxidoreducens; Eubacterium ramulus; Enterococcus casseliflavus	[21–23]
	Myricetin	2-(3,5-Dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid; 2-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)acetic acid	C.  orbiscidens, E. oxidoreducens	[20, 22, 23]
Flavanones	Naringenin	3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid	Clostridium strains; E. ramulus	[21, 24]
Flavan-3-ols	Catechin; Epicatechin	3-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid; 5-(3′,4′-Dihydroxyphenyl)--valerolactone; 5-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)valeric acid; 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid	Clostridium coccoides, Bifidobacterium spp.	[25–28]
	Epigallocatechin	5-(3′,4′-Dihydroxyphenyl)--valerolactone; 5-(3′,5′-Dihydroxyphenyl)--valerolactone
Anthocyanins	Cyanidin	3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid	Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5, Bifidobacterium lactis BB-12	[29, 30]
	Peonidin	3-Methoxy4-hydroxybenzoic acid
	Pelargonidin	4-Hydroxybenzoic acid
	Malvidin	3,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid
Isoflavones	Daidzein	(S)-Equol	Bacteroides ovatus, Streptococcus intermedius, Ruminococcus productus, Eggerthella sp.Julong 732, Enterococcus faecium EPI1, Lactobacillus mucosae EPI2, Finegoldia magna EPI3	[31–33]
		O-Demethylangolensin	Clostridium  spp. HGHA136	[34]
	Genistein	6′-Hydroxy-O-desmethylangolensin		[35]
	Formononetin	Daidzein		[36]
	Biochanin A	Genistein		[36]
Flavones	Luteolin, apigenin	3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid, 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid, 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid, and 4-hydroxycinnamic acid, phloretin	C. orbiscindens, Enterococcus avium	[37]