A Versatile Orthotopic Nude Mouse Model for Study of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Figure 1

Surgical inoculation. (a) The needle insertion point near the middle esophagus below the diaphragm away from the esophagogastric junction is indicated by the arrow. (b) A thin layer of tissues covering the needle can be observed on the left side indicated by the arrow after inserting the needle into the esophageal wall. (c) The edema in the esophagus forming after successful inoculation of cancer cells is marked by circle and arrows. (d) A stretched esophagus with a solid orthotopic tumor is observed just below the diaphragm.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)