Family Species Part used Extraction method Solvent(s) used Main components (or groups) Antimycobacterial assay methods Activity/MIC (µ g/mL) Reference Amaranthaceae Pupalia lappacea Juss. Leaves Hot water extraction Water Alkaloids, amino acids, glycosides, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, starch, coumarins, terpenoids, and steroids such as 1-docosanol, stearic acid, stigmasterol, sitosterol, N-benzoyl-L-phenylalaninol acetate, setosterol-3-O-D-glucopyranoside, stigmasterol-3-O-D-glucopyranoside, and 20-hydroxyl ecdysone Proportion method 40 (cited as 1 : 5 (20% w/v)) [5 –8 ] Amaryllidaceae Allium sativum L.Bulb large/white cloves Cold maceration (juice) Water Alliin, γ -glutamylcysteine peptides, allicin, ajoenes, vinyldithiins, and sulfides Proportion method 0.78–6.25 (cited as 0.39–3.13% (V/V)) [5 , 9 , 10 ] Bulb small/purple cloves Water/juice 3.13–6.25 (cited as 1.56–3.13% (V/V)) [5 ] Anacardiaceae Sorindeia juglandifolia A. Rich.Fruit Cold maceration, column chromatographies (Fractions SJfr 3.2 and SJfr 3.41) Methanol, hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform C-glycosylflavone, 2′′,6′′-di-O-acetyl-7-O-methyl vitexin, 2′′-O-acetyl-7-O-methyl vitexin, mearnsitrin, robustaflavone, 3-O-galloyl catechin, tachioside, 3о-O-D-glucopyranosyl-о-stigmasterol, methyl gallate, 2,3,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,3,6-trihydroxymethyl benzoate REMA 62.5 [11 –13 ] Lannea nigritana (Sc. Elliot) KeayRoot Decoction Water Tannins and phenolic compounds (Lanneanol) Proportion method 40 (cited as 1 : 5 (20% w/v)) [5 , 14 ] Annonaceae Annickia chloranta (Oliv.) Setten and MaasStem bark Maceration Ethanol Berberine and protoberberine alkaloids: palmatine, jatrorrhizine, columbamine REMA 1.95 [11 , 15 , 16 ] Stem Interface water-CH2 Cl2 /ACstI Partitioned between water and dichloromethane 7.81 Greenwayodendron suaveolens (Engl. & Diels) Verdc. (cited as Polyalthia suaveolens Engl. & Diels)Stem bark Maceration Ethanol, partitioned between water and dichloromethane and methanol and hexane (methanol fraction) Polysin, greenwayodendrin-3-one, 3-O-acetyl greenwayodendrin, N-acetylpolyveoline, polyveoline, indolosesquiterpenes, aporphines REMA 3125 [11 , 17 , 18 ] Apocynaceae Alstonia boonei De Wild.Leaves Hot water maceration Water Alkaloids (echitamine, echitamidine, voacangine, akuammidine, N-formylechitamidine, Nα -formyl-12-methoxyechitamidine), tannins, iridoids (boonein, loganin), triterpenoids (lupeol, ursolic acid, β -amyrin) Proportion method 40 (cited as 1 : 5 (20% w/v)) [5 , 19 ] Holarrhena floribunda (G. Don) T. Durand et SchinzRoot Maceration 70% ethanol Saponins, polar steroidal glycosides, steroidal glycosides, alkaloids including holaphylline, holaphyllamine, holamine, holaphyllinol, holaphyllidine, holadysamine, holarrhesine, conessine, conanine, conamine, progesterone, norconessine (kurchine), conessimine, kurchamine, conimine, conamine, holarrhenine, holarrhimine, conarrhimine REMA 125 [20 –22 ] Liquid chromatography Hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and water (CH2 Cl2 fractions) 125 [20 ] Fractionation 70% ethanol, 2% sulfuric acid, hexane, 10% NaOH, dichloromethane (alkaloid enriched fraction extract) 62.5 Araceae Aglaonema commutatum SchottLeaves Hot water maceration Water Calcium oxalate crystals Proportion method 40 (cited as 1 : 5 (20% w/v)) [5 , 23 ] Bignoniaceae Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv. Root Decoction Water Carbohydrates, alkaloids, Tannin glycosides, steroids, saponins, anthraquinone glycosides, flavonoids, tannins,glycosides Proportion method 25 (cited as 12.50% (V/V)) [5 , 24 –26 ] Cleomaceae Cleome viscosa L.Leaves Hot water maceration Water Alkaloid, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenes, carbohydrates Proportion method 40 (cited as 1 : 5 (20% w/v)) [5 , 27 , 28 ] Compositae Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L.Leaves Hot water maceration Water Pyrrolizidine alkaloids lycopsamine, dihydrolycopsamine, acetyl-lycopsamine, N -oxides, methoxylated flavonoids, chromenes Proportion method 40 (cited as 1 : 5 (20% w/v)) [5 , 29 ] Euphorbiaceae Bridelia ferruginea Benth.Stem bark Decoction Water Polyphenols, steroids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, quercetin derivatives such as rutin, myricetin derivatives gallocatechin-(4′-O-7)-epigallocatechin; 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and 1,3,4,5-tetracaffeoylquinic acid; lignans deoxypodophyllotoxin, β -peltatin, β -peltatin-5-O-β -D-glucopyranoside, 5′-demethoxy-β -peltatin-5-O-β -D-glucopyranoside Proportion method 40 (cited as 1 : 5 (20% w/v)) [5 , 30 , 31 ] Jatropha curcas L.Leaves Maceration 70% ethanol Flavonoids, apigenin, vitexin, isovitexin, sterol stigmasterol, β -D-sitosterol, β -D-glucoside, sapogenins, alkaloids, triterpene alcohol, 1-triacontanol REMA 250 [21 , 32 ] Humiriaceae Sacoglottis gabonensis (Baill.) Urb.Stem bark Cold maceration Water Bergenin, sterols, polyterpenes, polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids Proportion method Growth inhibition in vitro [33 –38 ] Leguminosae Senna occidentalis (L.) Link (Syn. Cassia occidentalis L.)Leaves Hot water maceration Water Acrosin, aloe-emodin, emodin, anthraquinones, anthrones, apigenin, aurantiobtusin, campesterol, cassiollin, chrysoobtusin, chrysophanic acid, chrysarobin, chrysophanol, chrysoeriol, emodin, essential oils, funiculosin, galactopyranosyl, helminthosporine, islandicine, kaempferol, lignoceric acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, mannitol, mannopyranosyl, matteucinol, obtusifolin, obtusin, oleic acid, physcion, quercetin, rhamnosides, rhein, rubrofusarin, sitosterols, tannins, xanthosine Proportion method 40 (cited as 1 : 5 (20% w/v)) [5 , 39 ] Myrtaceae Psidium guajava L.Leaves Hot water maceration Water Phenol, tannin (Amritoside: ellagic acid 4-gentiobioside, Guavins A, B, C, and D, isostrictinin (V), strictinin, pedunculagin, (+)-gallocatechin), flavonoid (quercetin and its glycosides, morin-3-O-α -L-lyxopyranoside, morin-3-O-α -L-arabinopyranoside, kaempferol, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, apigenin-7-O-glucoside), carotenoid, terpenoid, triterpene, isoprenoids (monoterpenes: caryophyllene oxide, β -selinene, 1,8-cineole, α -pinene, myrcene, δ -elemene, d-limonene, caryophyllene, linalool, eugenol, β -bisabolol, β -bisabolene, β -sesquiphellandrene, Me 2-methyl-thiazolidine-4-(R)-carboxylate (cis and trans), ethyl 2-methyl-thiazolidine-4-(R)-carboxylate (cis and trans), aromadendrene, α - and β -selinene, caryophyllene epoxide, carophylladienol, (E)-nerolidol, Selin-11-en-4-alpha-ol, and terpenoids: guavanoic acid, guavacoumaric acid, guajanoic acid, ursolic acid, 2α -hydroxyursolic acid, Maslinic acid, asiatic acid, Jacoumaric acid, isoneriucoumaric acid, guajavanoic acid, guajavolide, guavenoic acid) Proportion method 40 (cited as 1 : 5 (20% w/v)) [5 , 40 ] Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. PerrySeed Decoction Water Essential oils, eugenol, eugenyl acetate, β -caryophyllene, methyl amyl ketone, α - and β -humulene, benzaldehyde, methyl salicylate, α -cubebene, α -copaene, γ -cadinene and δ -cadinene β -ylangene and chavicol vanillin, crategolic acid, tannins, gallotannic acid, flavonoids eugenin, kaempferol, rhamnetin, eugenitin, triterpenoids like oleanolic acid Proportion method 25 (cited as 12.50% (V/V)) [5 , 41 ] Plantaginaceae Gratiola officinalis L.Bark Decoction Water Alkaloid, flavonoid, saponins, coumarin derivatives, mannitol, glycoside-like substances, Gratiogenin, 16-hydroxygratiogenin, cucurbitacins E and I, glycosides gratiogenin-3beta-D-glucoside, gratioside, elaterinide, lignans Proportion method 1.56–25 (cited as 0.78–12.5% (V/V)) [5 , 42 ] Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn.Leaves Maceration 70% ethanol Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins (geraniin, corilagin, 1,6-digalloylglucopyranoside rutin, quercetin-3-O-glucopyranoside, amarulone, phyllanthusiin D and amariin), lignans (niranthin, nirtetralin, phyltetralin, hypophyllanthin, phyllanthin, demethylenedioxy-niranthin, 5-demethoxy-niranthin, isolintetralin), polyphenolic compounds, tetracyclic triterpenoids Proportion method 32000 [43 , 44 ] Phyllanthus fraternus G.L. WebsterLeaves Hot water maceration Water Alkaloids (phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, nirphyllin, phyllnirurin, phyllanthol, phyllanthenol, rhamnopyranoside, phyllanthenone, lintetralin, astragalin, cymene, niranthin, nirtetralin, niruriside, phyllochrysine, 4-methoxy-securinine, 4-methoxy-nirsecurinine, limonene, niruretin, nirurin, phyllochrysine), steroids (β -sitosterol, cholesterol), flavonoids (quercetin, quercetin heteroside, quercetol, quercitrin, 3, 4, 5-trimethoxy flavanone, 3,5,7-trihydroxy flavonol), other compounds (estradiol, corilagin, ellagic acid, gallic acid, rutin, gernanine, rutinoside, lupa, lupeol, methyl salicylate), saponins (triacontanal, triacontanol) Proportion method 40 (cited as 1 : 5 (20% w/v)) [5 , 45 ] Ranunculaceae Hydrastis canadensis L.Root Decoction Water Alkaloids (major: hydrastine, berberine, canadine; minor: hydrastinine, canadaline, isohydrastidine, 1-β -hydrastine, 5-hydroxytetrahydroberberine, (S)-corypalmine, (S)-isocorypalmine, (S)-tetrahydropalmatine, Berberastine, 8-oxotetrahydrothalifendine, Canadinic acid), flavonoids (6,8-C-dimethylluteolin 7-methyl ether, 6-C-methylluteolin 7-methyl ether, sideroxylin, 8-desmethyl-sideroxylen, 6-desmethyl-sideroxylin), organic acids (quinic acid derivatives, hycandinic acid esters, 5-O-(4′-[β -d-glucopyranosyl]-trans-feruloyl) quinic), Sterols (β -sitosterol 3-O-β -D-glucoside), volatile oil, resin, and fatty acids Proportion method 0.39–6.25 (cited as 0.20–3.13% (V/V)) [5 , 46 ] Rutaceae Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (Lam.) Zepern. & TimlerRoots Decoction Water Essential oils, benzophenanthridine, furoquinoline, aporphine alkaloids, fagaronine, dihydroavicine, chelerythrine, oxychelerythrine, skimmianine and 8-methoxydictamine, as well as the aporphines magnoflorine, berberine, tembetarine, N-methyl-corydine, N-isobutyldeca-2, 4-dienamide, N-isobutylocta-2,4-dienamide, arnottianamide, fagaramide, piperlonguminine, rubemamin, N-isopentyl-cinnamamide, umbelliferone, scopoletin, scoparone, xanthotoxin, imperatorin, bergapten, marmesin, pimpinellin; lignan sesamin, C-7 epimer asarinin, sterols zanthoxylol, diosmin, fagarol, hesperidin, lupeol, β -sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, β -amyrin,: vanillic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, parahydroxybenzoic acid, 2-hydroxymethyl benzoic acid, parafluorobenzoic acid, divanilloylquinic acids burkinabin A, burkinabin B, and burkinabin C Proportion method 12.5–25 (cited as 6.25–12.5% (V/V)) [5 , 47 ] Solanaceae Capsicum annum L.Fruit Cold maceration Water Saponins, alkaloids, quarternary bases, anthracenosides, flavanosides, flavonds, coumarin derivatives, steroid glycosides, anthocyanosides, essential oils, waxes, capsanthin, capsorubin, zeaxanthin, cryptoxanthin, lutein, capsaicinoids Proportion method 40 (cited as 1 : 5 (20% w/v)) [5 , 48 , 49 ] Solanum torvum Sw.Leaves Hot water maceration Water Isoflavonoid sulfate, steroidal glycosides, chlorogenone, neochlorogenone, triacontane derivatives, 22-β -O-spirostanol oligoglycosides, 26-O-β -glucosidase Proportion method 40 (cited as 1 : 5 (20% w/v)) [5 , 50 ] Xanthorrhoeaceae Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f.Leaves Cold maceration Water Chromone, anthraquinone, anthrone derivatives, anthraquinones, saponins, salicylic acids, amino acids, vitamins, enzymes, minerals, sugars, lignin Proportion method 40 (cited as 1 : 5 (20% w/v)) [5 , 51 , 52 ] Tonic 1 Mixture of Spigelia anthelmia L. and Zea mays L. Leaves, grain Hot water maceration Water Spigelia anthelmia : alkaloid spiganthine, ryanodine, volatile alkaloids, isoquinoline, actinide isomer, quaternary alkaloids, choline, benzoylcholine, 2,3-dimethylacrolyl choline, phenylcarboxylic acids, flavonoidsZea mays : proteins, vitamins, carbohydrates, volatiles oils, steroids such as sitosterol and stigmasterol, alkaloids, saponins Proportion method 6.25–25 (cited as 3.13–12.5% (V/V)) [5 , 53 –56 ] Tonic 2 Mixture of Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle and Gossypium barbadense L. Leaves Hot water maceration Water C. aurantifolia : alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, cardiac glycosides, reducing sugar, 5-geranyloxypsoralen, 5-geranyloxy-7-methoxycoumarin, 5,7-dimethoxycoumarin, 5-methoxypsoralen, 5,8-dimethoxypsoralen, 3-methyl-1,2-cyclopentanedione, 1-methoxy-ciclohexene, corylone, palmitic acid α -terpineol, umbelliferoneGossypium barbadense : gossypol, 1,1-dimethybutanol, (3-ethyl-2 oxiranyl) ethanone, (3-ethyl-2 oxiranyl) ethanone, 4,11,11-trimethyl-8-methylene bicycle (7.2.0) undec-4-ene, 9-octadecene, hexadecene, 1-(1,5-dimethyl-4-hexany)-4-methyl-3-cyclohexen-1-ol, 9-eicosene, hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester palmitic acid, 3-eicosene, 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester linolenic acid, phytol-2-hexadecen-1-ol, oleic acid 9-octadecanoic acid, 1-tricosene, hexadecanoic acid, pentafluoropropionic acid heptadecyl ester, 13-octadecenal, di-n-octylphthalate 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, squalene 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethylProportion method 12.5–25 (cited as 6.25–12.5% (V/V)) [5 , 57 , 58 ] Tonic 3 Mixture of Jatropha curcas L., Gossypium hirsutum L., Physalis angulata L., and Delonix regia (Hook.) Raf. Leaves Hot water maceration Water Jatropha curcas : flavonoids, apigenin, vitexin, isovitexin, sterol stigmasterol, β -D-sitosterol, β -D-glucoside, sapogenins, alkaloids, triterpene alcohol, 1-triacontanolGossypium hirsutum : gossypol and cyclopropenoid fatty acids including dihydrosterculic, sterculic, and malvalic acids Physalis angulate : flavonoids (A flavonol glycoside, myricetin 3-O-neohesperidoside), alkaloids (phygrine) and many different types of plant steroids (physalins) A-W, withanolides, physagulins A, B, C, and D, withanolides, withangulatins B, C, D, E, F, G, H, and I, withangulatin I, physangulidines A, B, and C, carotenoids, and oleanolic acid Delonix regia : sterols, triterpenoids, phenolic compounds, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, sugars, tannins, steroids, Proportion method 6.25–25 (cited as 3.13–12.5% (V/V)) [5 , 32 , 59 –65 ]
