Elaborating the Role of Natural Products-Induced Autophagy in Cancer Treatment: Achievements and Artifacts in the State of the Art

Table 1

Natural products that induce tumor suppressing autophagy.

Compound	Plant of origin	Pathway involved	Reference
2-Methoxyestradiol	Brassica  oleracea var. botrytis	N.A.	[22]
Akebia saponin PA	Dipsacus  asperoides	JNK, caspase-3 activation↑	[23]
Alisol B	Alisma  orientale	CaMKK-AMPK-mTOR↑	[20]
Baicalin	Scutellaria  baicalensis Georgi	Akt↓	[24]
Berberine	Coptidis Rhizoma	Akt/mTOR, CD147↓; Beclin-1, p38 MAPK↑	[25, 26]
Bufalin	Toad venom	ROS, JNK, Atg, Beclin-1, TNF, Atg8↑	[27, 28]
Caffeine	Coffee beans	Erk1/2↑; P70S6K, S6, 4E-BP1, Akt↓	[29]
Celastrol	Tripterygium  wilfordii	LC3-II, MAPK, Beclin-1↑; Akt, mTOR, S6K, MEK↓	[30, 31]
Coibamide A	Marine cyanobacterium	N.A.	[32]
Crotoxin	South American rattlesnake	N.A.	[33]
Curcumin	Curcuma longa	Erk1/2, Beclin-1, LC3-II, AMPK↑; Akt/mTOR/p70S6K↓	[34–38]
Dimethyl cardamonin	Syzygium  samarangense (Blume) Merr. & L.M. Perry (Myrtaceae)	N.A.	[18]
Evodiamine	Evodia  rutaecarpa	Bcl-2/Beclin-1↓	[39]
Fangchinoline	Radix Stephaniae tetrandrae	AMPK, sestrin2, p53 translocation↑	[40]
Flavokawain B	Alpha pricei Hayata	N.A.	[41]
Furanodiene	Rhizoma curcumae	N.A.	[42]
Gambogenic acid	Gamboge	Beclin-1↑	[43]
Honokiol	Officinal Magnolia Bark	Beclin-1↑; Akt/mTOR↓	[17, 44]
Indirubin	Isatis  indigotica Fort.	N.A.	[45]
Jia-Wei-Xiao-Yao-San	N.A.	N.A.	[46]
KIOM-C	N.A.	JNK, ROS, CHOP↑	[47]
Liensinine, isoliensinine, dauricine, cepharanthine	N.A.	AMPK↑; mTOR↓	[48]
Magnolol	Officinal Magnolia Bark	Bax/Bcl-2 ratio↑	[49]
Matrine	Radix Sophorae flavescentis	Endosome/lysosome pH value↑	[50]
Neferine	Nelumbo  nucifera	ROS↑; GAH, PI3K/Akt/mTOR↓	[51]
Neoalbaconol	Albatrellus  confluens	PDK1, PI3K, Akt, HK2↓,; glucose consumption, ATP↓	[52]
Nexrutine	Phellodendron  amurense	N.A.	[53]
Oblongifolin C	Garcinia  yunnanensis Hu	Lysosome cathepsin↓	[14]
Oleifolioside B	Dendropanax  morbifera Leveille	Atg3, LC3-II↑; Nrf2↓	[54]
Ophiopogonin B	Radix Ophiopogon Japonicus	pAkt/mTOR/p70S6K↓	[15]
Oyaksungisan (OY)	N.A.	JNK↑	[55]
Penta-1,2,3,4,6-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose (PGG)	N.A.	Unfolded protein response, MAPK8/9/10↑	[19]
Pheophorbide-a	Scutellaria  barbata	Erk↓	[56]
Piperlongumine	Piper  longum L.	ROS, p38 MAPK↑	[57]
Plumbagin	Plumbago  zeylanica	PI3K/Akt/mTOR↓	[58]
Riccardin D	Dumortiera  hirsuta	Caspases cleavage↑	[59]
Rottlerin	Mallotus  philippinensis	N.A.	[60]
Saikosaponin-D	N.A.	ER stresses, unfolded protein response, cytosolic calcium, AMPK↑; sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase pump↓	[61]
Samsoeum	N.A.	AMPK, Erk, Beclin-1, LC3-II↑; Akt, mTOR↓	[62]
Solanum nigrum leaves extract	N.A.	N.A.	[63]
Stellettin A	Geodia  japonica	ER stresses↑	[64]
Tanshinone IIA	Salviae miltiorrhizae	Erk↑	[65]
Tetrandrine	Radix Stephaniae tetrandrae	N.A.	[66]
Timosaponin AIII	Anemarrhena  asphodeloides	AMPK↑; XIAP, mTOR↓	[67]
Triterpenes	Ganoderma  lucidum	Beclin-1↑; p38 MAPK↓	[68]
Ursolic acid	Bupleurum  falcatum L. (Umbelliferae)	JNK↑	[69]
Viriditoxin	Jellyfish  Nemopilema nomurai	LC3-II, Atg5, Atg7, Beclin-1↑	[70]
Vitexin 6	Byrsonima  crassifolia	N.A.	[71]
Voacamine	Peschiera  fuchsiaefolia	N.A.	[72]
Weikang Keli	Root of Codonopsis  pilosula, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, Rhizoma Curcumae Aeruginosae, Rhizoma Pinelliae, Actinidia  chinensis Planch, and Rhodiola  rosea	N.A.	[73]