Is Vitamin D Deficiency Related to Accumulation of Advanced Glycation End Products, Markers of Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Subjects?
Table 5
Pertinent data of the controls and diabetic patients with 25(OH)D3 deficiency (25(OH)D3 <20 ng/mL) and sufficient levels (25(OH)D3 >30 ng/mL).
Controls
DM subjects
25(OH)D <20 ng/mL
25(OH)D >30 ng/mL
25(OH)D <20 ng/mL
25(OH)D >30 ng/mL
53
25
NA
130
58
NA
M/F (; %)
23/30 (43%/57%)
15/10 (60%/40%)
0.17chi
71/59 (55%/45%)
39/19 (67%/33%)
0.10chi
Age (years)
58.5 ± 17.1
62.6 ± 13.5
0.23
65.9 ± 13.3
65.5 ± 11.1
0.94
DM duration (yrs)
NA
NA
15.5 ± 10.7
14.7 ± 10.6
0.63
BMI (kg/m2)
27.6 ± 3.6
28.6 ± 3.5
0.33
31.2 ± 7.1
29.7 ± 4.6
0.18
Total protein (g/L)
74 ± 8
70 ± 6
0.17
74 ± 7
70 ± 7
0.015
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)
83 ± 12
84 ± 12
0.71
70 ± 26
69 ± 23
0.70
25(OH)D3 (ng/mL)
14.4 ± 3.9
35.5 ± 4.8
<0.001
13.9 ± 3.9
38.4 ± 8.7
<0.001
HbA1c (%)
5.5 ± 0.3
5.5 ± 0.3
0.53
7.2 ± 1.2
6.9 ± 1.0
0.17
Fl-AGEs (AU)
272 ± 181
291 ± 344
0.06
329 ± 108
368 ± 139
0.05
SAF (AU)
2.3 ± 0.5
2.3 ± 0.5
0.85
2.9 ± 0.7
2.8 ± 0.8
0.16
CML (ng/mL)
1098 ± 398
930 ± 391
0.27
1090 ± 433
899 ± 236
0.130
sRAGE (pg/mL)
988 ± 400
1070 ± 404
0.53
947 ± 550
949 ± 493
0.89
hsCRP (mg/L)
2.1 ± 2.4
1.6 ± 1.4
0.85
2.8 ± 2.6
2.5 ± 2.0
0.59
sVAP-1 (ng/mL)
406 ± 152
419 ± 177
0.38
488 ± 174
430 ± 181
0.040
Grip strength (pounds)
81 ± 33
84 ± 26
0.50
70 ± 22
80 ± 23
0.007
Hypertension (N/Y; %)
38/15 (72%/28%)
17/8 (68%/32%)
0.74chi
39/84 (32%/68%)
23/33 (41%/59%)
0.22chi
PAD (N/Y; %)
53/0 (100%/0%)
24/1 (96%/4%)
0.70chi
108/15 (88%/12%)
46/10 (82%/18%)
0.31chi
CHD (N/Y; %)
51/2 (96%/4%)
24/1 (96%/4%)
0.56chi
102/21 (83%/17%)
40/16 (71%/29%)
0.08chi
Total comorb. (N/Y; %)
38/15 (72%/28%)
17/8 (68%/32%)
0.74chi
34/89 (28%/72%)
18/40 (29%/71%)
0.64chi
DM: diabetes mellitus; M: males; F: females; BMI: body mass index; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c: haemoglobin A1c; AGE-Fl: advanced glycation end products associated fluorescence of plasma; AU: arbitrary units; SAF: skin autofluorescence; CML: Nε-carboxymethyllysine; sRAGE: soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products; hsCRP: high sensitive C-reactive protein; sVAP-1: soluble vascular receptor adhesion protein-1; Y: yes; N: no; PAD: peripheral artery disease; CHD: coronary heart disease; comorb.: comorbidities; chi: chi-square; data from 7 diabetics not available.
