Mindfulness Meditation Improves Mood, Quality of Life, and Attention in Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Table 2
Mean (standard deviation) scores on the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T), Positive and Negative Affect Schedule—expanded form (PANAS-X), and Adult ADHD Quality of Life Questionnaire (AAQoL) per group (control and patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) submitted to mindful awareness practices (MAP) or to no intervention) at baseline and after the intervention period (endpoint) and significant effects.
Measure
Meditation
No intervention
Meditation
No intervention
Control
Control
ADHD
ADHD
Significant
( = 8)
( = 9)
( = 21)
( = 22)
effects
Baseline
Endpoint
Baseline
Endpoint
Baseline
Endpoint
Baseline
Endpoint
ASRS
Inattention
15.5 (3.3)
11.9 (3.4)
10.0 (2.8)
11.1 (5.1)
29.4 (3.9)
21.9 (5.1)
27.4 (5.9)
26.2 (4.9)
H; S × I
Hyperactivity-impulsivity
14.6 (4.1)
11.3 (3.5)
10.8 (4.4)
11.9 (3.2)
21.9 (7.1)
17.9 (5.6)
23.1 (6.9)
21.9 (6.5)
H; S × I
Depression (BDI)
10.0 (8.2)
4.6 (2.7)
4.0 (3.0)
4.1 (2.0)
14.0 (7.9)
10.6 (9.5)
12.4 (7.7)
12.6 (8.2)
H; S × I
Anxiety (STAI-T)
42.9 (6.2)
37.1 (3.3)
35.4 (3.9)
34.9 (8.5)
53.7 (11.7)
45.5 (11.3)
52.2 (11.2)
51.6 (10.2)
H; S × I
PANAS-X
Negative affect
2.1 (1.1)
1.4 (0.2)
1.5 (0.4)
1.5 (0.4)
2.2 (0.8)
1.8 (0.7)
2.3 (0.7)
2.4 (0.8)
H; S × I
Positive affect
2.5 (0.8)
3.2 (0.9)
3.0 (0.5)
3.0 (0.5)
2.3 (0.6)
2.6 (0.7)
2.7 (0.8)
2.4 (0.7)
H; S × I
Fear
2.0 (1.0)
1.3 (0.2)
1.4 (0.2)
1.7 (0.6)
1.9 (0.7)
1.6 (0.7)
2.0 (0.6)
2.0 (0.6)
S × I
Hostility
1.9 (0.8)
2.6 (3.8)
1.4 (0.4)
1.4 (0.2)
2.1 (0.9)
1.7 (0.7)
2.1 (0.8)
2.1 (0.7)
Guilt
2.0 (0.9)
2.6 (3.8)
1.5 (0.4)
1.7 (0.7)
2.0 (0.9)
1.5 (0.5)
2.0 (0.9)
2.2 (1.0)
Sadness
2.0 (0.7)
1.3 (0.3)
1.4 (0.4)
1.6 (0.8)
2.2 (1.1)
1.8 (1.1)
2.1 (1.0)
2.4 (2.1)
H; S × I
Joviality
2.7 (0.9)
3.3 (1.1)
3.0 (0.6)
2.7 (0.5)
2.2 (0.6)
2.5 (0.9)
2.5 (0.8)
2.2 (0.7)
H; S × I
Self-assurance
2.1 (0.6)
2.7 (0.9)
3.3 (1.2)
3.2 (1.2)
2.0 (0.5)
2.7 (1.0)
2.5 (0.9)
2.4 (0.7)
H; S × I
Attentiveness
3.1 (0.8)
3.3 (0.7)
3.3 (0.7)
3.4 (0.5)
2.2 (0.7)
2.8 (0.7)
2.5 (0.9)
2.4 (0.8)
H; S × I
Shyness
2.2 (1.0)
1.4 (0.4)
1.9 (0.6)
1.7 (0.4)
2.0 (0.8)
1.3 (0.4)
2.1 (0.8)
2.0 (0.8)
S × I
Fatigue
2.6 (1.3)
2.0 (0.5)
2.1 (0.8)
2.0 (0.7)
2.9 (0.7)
2.3 (1.0)
2.5 (0.7)
2.6 (0.9)
H; S × I
Serenity
2.7 (0.6)
3.2 (0.6)
2.9 (0.6)
3.0 (0.7)
2.2 (0.6)
2.7 (0.7)
2.4 (0.7)
2.3 (0.5)
H; S × I
Surprise
1.6 (0.7)
1.6 (0.7)
1.7 (0.8)
1.5 (0.5)
1.5 (0.6)
1.7 (0.8)
1.9 (0.9)
1.7 (0.6)
AAQoL
Life productivity
64.5 (15.5)
77.8 (10.2)
63.4 (21.2)
61.3 (19.6)
34.4 (13.2)
57.1 (10.4)
38.4 (20.4)
43.3 (17.0)
H; S × I
Psychological health
60.9 (16.4)
65.3 (13.1)
64.4 (17.2)
58.3 (17.9)
39.5 (15.1)
57.7 (17.5)
39.4 (19.1)
42.2 (16.2)
H; S × I
Life outlook
56.3 (12.2)
76.4 (13.0)
66.0 (9.7)
67.5 (10.2)
48.2 (16.1)
60.4 (16.4)
45.9 (16.9)
43.2 (15.5)
H; S × I
Relationships
63.1 (20.2)
71.3 (14.3)
70.0 (16.4)
65.6 (18.1)
43.1 (15.9)
60.7 (13.2)
43.4 (18.9)
44.1 (15.0)
H; S × I
Total quality of life
61.2 (12.5)
72.7 (9.3)
66.0 (14.3)
63.2 (12.5)
41.3 (11.8)
59.0 (12.1)
41.8 (14.1)
43.2 (11.9)
H; S × I
H: effect of health status (ADHD versus controls); S: effect of session (baseline versus endpoint) or practice effect; I: effect of intervention (MAP versus no intervention); ×: interaction of factors ( values < 0.05). See text for details on the statistical analysis.
