Synergistic Effect and Molecular Mechanisms of Traditional Chinese Medicine on Regulating Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Cells

Table 2

Different mechanisms and channels of TCM inhibiting the growth of tumor cells.

Cancer	Drug	Main mechanisms	Main channels	Related biomarkers	Cite
Lung cancer; (A549 Cells)	Xiaoji decoction	Inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis	Signaling Akt pathway	BAD ↑, caspase-9 ↑	[94]
Lung cancer; (A549 Cells)	Oxymatrine	Induces apoptosis	Bcl-2 family	Bax ↑ and Bcl-2 ↓	[88]
Esophageal carcinoma; (CaEs-17)	Soups of Rosa roxburghii Tratt and Fagopyrum cymosum	Inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis	Ki-67, Bcl-2 family	Bax ↑ and Ki-67, Bcl-2 ↓	[92]
Esophageal carcinoma; (KYSE150, Eca-109)	Marsdenia tenacissima extract	Inhibits proliferation	MAPK signaling pathway	cyclinD1, p-ERK ↓	[84]
Gastric cancer; (SGC-7901)	Sanpi Pingwei formula	Inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis	Bax, p53, and Bcl-2	Bax, p53 ↑ and Bcl-2 ↓	[90]
Gastric cancer; (AGS, MGC803)	Arsenic sulfide	Induces apoptosis	p53	Bax, MDM2 ↑ and Bcl-2 ↓	[96]
Colorectal cancer; (SW480)	Jianpi Huayu decoction	Inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis	G0/G1-phase cell cycle arrest, caspase-cascade activation and execution	p27 ↑ and cyclinD1, cyclinD2, cyclinD3, cyclinE1, CDK4, CDK6, CDK2 ↓	[95]
Colorectal cancer; (LOVO)	Emodin	Induces apoptosis	Bcl-2 family	Bax ↑ and Bcl-2 ↓	[85]
Live cancer; (Huh7, Hep3B, HA22T)	Bufalin	Inhibits proliferation and triggers autophagy	G2/M phase arrest and JNK pathway	TNF, BECN-1, MAPK, ATG8 ↑ and Bcl-2, Bid ↓	[81]
Breast cancer; (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231)	San-Zhong-Kui-Jian-Tang	Inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis	p21/WAF1 levels, p53, Bcl-2 family	p21, Bax, Bak ↑ and cyclinD1, cyclinD2, Bcl-2 ↓	[93]
Ovarian cancer; (OVCAR-3)	Pien Tze Huang	Inhibits proliferation	AKT-mTOR pathway	AKT, (p)-AKT, mTOR p-mTOR proteins, CDK4, CDK6 ↓	[79]