MediterrAsian Diet Products That Could Raise HDL-Cholesterol: A Systematic Review

Table 2

Olive oil.

First author, year [ref]	Number of participants; (M-F)	Age, y	Inclusion criteria	Dietary supplement		Duration (wk)	Mean or median baseline HDL-C (mmol/L)	Mean post-HDL-C (mmol/L)	Δ change; (within groups); ( value)	MDΔ; (between groups); ( value)	Study design; (level of evidence)
				Intervention	Control
Maki, 2015 [30]	57; (31-26)		HDL-C ≤ 1.14 mmol/L for men and ≤1.40 mmol/L for women but ≥0.91 mmol/L.; BMI < 40 Kg/m^2.; TC < 7.76 mmol/L or TG < 3.95 mmol/L. Systolic blood pressure < 160 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure < 100 mmHg.	EVO: 2.6 g/die; Patients: 30	DHA: 1.52 g/die; Patients: 27	6	I: C:	NR	I: +0.06 ( = NR); C: +0.1 ( = NR)	−0.04; ( = NS)	Randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial; (Level 2)
Maki, 2005 [31]	54; (19-35)		Age from 18 to 74 years.; BMI ≥ 18.5 Kg/m^2 and <35 Kg/m^2.; LDL-C > 3.36 mmol/L and <5.17 mmol/L.; TG ≤ 3.95 mmol/L.; Energy needs of ≥1800 Kcal/d.	EVO: 54 g/die; Patients: 27	Corn Oil: 54 g/die; Patients: 27	9 ( washout)		I: C:	NR	NR	Randomized, double-blind, controlled crossover feeding trial; (Level 2)
Geppert, 2006 [32]	106; (25-81)		Adherence to a vegetarian diet for at least one year.; Age ≥ 18 years.; BMI between 18 and 25 Kg/m^2.	EVO: 2.28 g/die; Patients: 53	DHA-rich oil from microalgae: 2.28 g/die; Patients: 53	8	I: C:	I: C:	I: +0.12 (); C: −0.1 ( = NS)	0.13; ()	Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-groups; (Level 2)
Rambjør, 1996 [33]	69; (25-44)	Group A: Group B: Group C:	Normolipidemia except TG levels in the higher end of normal (50th–90th percentiles for their age and sex).	Group A: EVO: 5 g/die; Patients: 25; Group B: EVO: 5 g/die; Patients: 9; Group C: EVO: 5 g/die; Patients: 35	Group A: EPA: 3 g/die; Patients: 25; Group B: DHA: 3 g/die; Patients: 9; Group C: fish oil: 3 g/die; Patients: 35	5 ( washout)	C: Group A: Group B: Group C:	Group A: I: C: Group B: I: C: Group C: I: C:	Group A: I: NR ( = NR); C: 0.03 ( = NR); Group B: I: NR ( = NR); C: −0.01 ( = NR); Group C: I: NR ( = NR); C: +0.11 ( = NR)	Group A: I-C: NR ( = NS); Group B: I-C: NR ( = NS); Group C: I-C; NR ( = NS)	Randomized, single-blind, crossover study; (Level 2)
Hernáez, 2014 [34]	47; (47-0)		Healthy males	HPOO: 25 g/die; Patients: 47	LPOO: 25 g/die; Patients: 47	10	I: C:	I: C:	I: −0.01 ( = NS); C: 0.03 ( = NS)	−0.04; ( = NS)	Randomized, crossover, controlled study; (Level 2)
Gaullier, 2004 [35]	180; (31-149)	I: C: Group A: Group B:	Healthy volunteers aged 18–65 years and BMI of 25–30 Kg/m^2.	EVO: 27 g/die; Patients: 59	Group A: Conjugated linoleic acid – free fatty acids: 27 g/die; Patients: 61; Group B: conjugated linoleic acid – triacylglycerol: 27 g/die; Patients: 60	52	I: C: Group A: Group B:	I: C; Group A: Group B:	I: 0.00 ( = NS); C: Group A: −0.03 ( = NS); Group B: −0.09 ()	I-C(A): +0.03 ( = NS); I-C(B): +0.09 ( = NS)	Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study; (Level 2)
Vissers, 2001 [36]	46; (15-31)	38	Age > 17 years.; TC < 7 mmol/L.; TG < 2.3 mmol/L.	HPOO: 69 g/die; Patients: 46	LPCOO: 69 g/die; Patients: 46	8 ( washout)	NR	I: C:	NR	−0.01; ( = NS)	Randomized, crossover, intervention trial; (Level 2)
Marrugat, 2004 [37]	30; (NR-NR)	NR	BMI < 30 kg/m^2.; No dyslipidemia, diabetes, and celiac or other intestinal diseases.	Virgin OO: 75 g/die; Patients: 30	Group A: 75 g/die refined OO; Patients: 30; Group B: 75 g/die common OO; Patients: 30	11 ( washout)	I: C: Group A: Group B:	I: C: Group A: Group B:	I: 0.08 (); C: Group A: 0.04 ( = NS); Group B: −0.01 ( = NS)	I-C(A): +0.04 ( = NR); I-C(B): +0.09 ( = NR)	Placebo-controlled, crossover, double-blind study; (Level 3)
Covas, 2006 [38]	200; (NR-NR)	NR	Age range of 20–60.; No hyperlipidemia, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and intestinal disease.	I: Group A: HPOO: 22 g/die; Patients: 183; Group B: MPOO: 22 g/die; Patients: 184; Group C: LPOO: 22 g/die Patients: 182	None	15 ( washout)	NR	Group A: 1.30 (SD NR); Group B: 1.27 (SD NR); Group C: 1.27 (SD NR)	Group A: +0.045 (); Group B: +0.032 (); Group C: +0.025 ()	A-B: 0.025 (); A-C: +0.029 (); B-C: +0.006 ( = NS)	Randomized, crossover, controlled trial; (Level 2)
Oliveras-López, 2013 [39]	62; (15-47)		65–96 years of age range. No hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, renal disease, and cardiovascular disease.	EVO: 50 g/die; Patients: 39	Maintaining dietary habits; Patients: 23	6	I: C:	I: C:	I: 0.17 (); C: 0.02 ( = NS)	0.15; ( = NR)	Randomized, double-blind trial; (Level 2)
Oliveras-López, 2012 [40]	20; (8-12)		Volunteers 20–30 years old. BMI between 18 and 25 kg/m^2.; Normolipidemic, no hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.	EVO: 50 g/die; Patients: 20	None	6			0.16 ()	NE	Pre-post study; (Level 3)
Helal, 2013 [41]	26; (8-18)		Age between 25 and 83 years, normal serum lipid profile and blood pressure.	Raw EVO: 25 g/die; Patients: 26	None	12			0 ( = NS)	NE	Pre-post study; (Level 3)
Lovegrove, 2004 [42]	84; (NR-NR)		Age between 25 and 70 years. BMI between 20 and 37 kg/m^2.; TC < 8 mmol/L,; TG < 4 mmol/L.; No hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.	EVO: 4 g/die	Fish oil: 4 g/die	12	I: C:	NR	NR	−0.03; ()	Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study; (Level 2)
Weinbrenner, 2004 [43]	12; (12-0)		Healthy men. BMI < 30 kg/m^2. No diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and intestinal disease.	I: Group A: HPOO: 25 g/die Patients: 183; Group B: MPOO: 25 g/die; Patients: 184; Group C: LPOO: 25 g/die; Patients: 182	None	2	Group A: Group B: Group C:	Group A: Group B: Group C:	Group A: +0.08 (); Group B: +0.08 (); Group C: +0.05 ( = NS)	A-B: 0 ( = NR); A-C: +0.03 ( = NR); B-C: +0.03 ( = NR)	Randomized, double-blind, crossover study; (Level 2)
Derouiche, 2005 [44]	60; (60-0)		Male aged between 20 and 43 years with normal BMI. No hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertriglyceridemia.	EVO: 25 g/die; Patients: 30	Virgin argan oil: 25 g/die; Patients: 30	3	I: C:	I: C:	I: 0.21 (); C: 0.11 ()	0.10; ( = NR)	Randomized, controlled, parallel study; (Level 2)

MDΔ: mean difference Δ change.
I: intervention; C: control.
: value; NS: not significant (); NR: not recorded; NE: not expected.
HPOO: high polyphenol olive oil.
MPOO: medium polyphenol olive oil.
LPOO: low polyphenol olive oil.
As suggested by Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine [29].