Research Article

Enhanced Protective Effects of Combined Treatment with β-Carotene and Curcumin against Hyperthermic Spermatogenic Disorders in Mice

Figure 6

Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of apoptosis-related enzyme mRNA levels in mouse testis induced by heat stress (HS) in the β-carotene (β-CA) and/or curcumin (Cur) treated groups. (a) Bax. (b) Bcl-xL. (c) Caspase-3. Results are the means ± SEM (). Significant differences between each treatment group and normal control (Con; A), HS (B), or HS + Cur (C) group were examined at . GAPDH was used as an internal standard to normalize target transcript expressions.
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