Apolipoprotein E Gene Variants and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: A Meta-Analysis

Xu, Min; Zhao, Jun; Zhang, Yu; Ma, Xu; Dai, Qiaoyun; Zhi, Hong; Wang, Bei; Wang, Lina

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/3912175

BioMed Research International

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Review Article | Open Access

Volume 2016 | Article ID 3912175 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/3912175

Apolipoprotein E Gene Variants and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: A Meta-Analysis

Min Xu,¹Jun Zhao,^2,3Yu Zhang,⁴Xu Ma,^2,3Qiaoyun Dai,³Hong Zhi,⁵Bei Wang,¹and Lina Wang¹

Academic Editor: Hai-Feng Pan

Received16 Aug 2016

Accepted09 Oct 2016

Published27 Oct 2016

Abstract

Objectives. Apo E genes involved in lipoprotein synthesis and metabolism are considered one of the candidates to CHD. However, the results remain conflicting. Methods. We performed this meta-analysis based on 30 published studies including 11,804 CHD patients and 17,713 controls. Results. Compared with the wild genotype E3/3, the variant genotypes ApoEE3/4 and E4/4 were associated with 22% and 45% increased risk of CHD, respectively (E3/4 versus E3/3: OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.15–1.29; E4/4 versus E3/3: OR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.23–1.71). Besides, compared with ε3 allele, carriers with the ε4 allele had a 46% increased risk of CHD (OR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.28–1.66), while the ε2 had no significantly decreased risk of CHD. In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, ε4 had a 25% increased risk of CHD in Caucasians (OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.11–1.41), and the effects were more evident in Mongolians (OR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.89–2.77). The ε2 allele had a decreased risk of CHD in Caucasians (OR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.74–0.96), but not in Mongolians. Conclusions. The analysis suggested that ApoEε4 mutation was associated with the increased risk of CHD, while ApoEε2 allele had a decreased risk of CHD just in Caucasians.

1. Introduction

Coronary heart disease (CHD) as a multifactorial disease caused by genetic and environmental factors became one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide, especially in the developed countries [1]. Previous studies provided evidence that risk factors for CHD, including diabetes mellitus, smoking, and arterial hypertension, would contribute to rapid process of clinical events such as myocardial infarction (MI), ischemic heart failure, and death [2, 3]. Moreover, apart from the above risk factors, population-based studies have reported that genetic susceptibility accounts for around 50% of the risk for CHD, which suggested that the host genetic background plays an important role in the onset and development of CHD as well [4, 5]. The determination of blood lipid and lipoprotein levels is one of the coronary risk factors. Apolipoprotein genes involved in lipoprotein synthesis and metabolism play imperative roles in studying the susceptibility to CHD and cerebrovascular disease [6–11].

In 1992, Dallongeville et al. tested the consistent relationship between plasma TG levels and Apo E phenotype among 45 different populations in a meta-analysis [12]. Another meta-analysis including 14 studies showed that subjects with ε4 allele were associated with 26% increased risk of CHD compared with ε3 allele [13]. Since the publication of these two meta-analyses, numerous studies have appeared in recent years [14–17]. However, differences in study design, end point validation, choice of subjects, and limited statistical power have led to different results of Apo E genotypes on CHD risk in the general population. Therefore, the present meta-analysis is designed to derive a more plausible estimation.

2. Methods

2.1. Studies Selection

We search the electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Wanfang, China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI), and VIP for relevant English language articles from Jan 1, 2000, to Mar 1, 2016, using the following index terms: Apo E and polymorphism(s) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), variant, mutation and coronary artery disease, coronary heart disease, CAD, and CHD. Hand searches were also performed.

2.2. Inclusion Criteria

The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) Apo E gene polymorphism in CAD or CHD; (2) case-control studies; (3) studies with full-text articles; (4) sufficient data for calculating an odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI); (5) not republished data.

2.3. Data Extraction

All the data were carefully extracted from all eligible publications independently by two authors. The following information was collected: the first author’s name, date of publication, country, study design, major CHD end point, selection of the controls, genotyping methods, allele frequencies of ε2, ε3, and ε4, and genotype distribution in case-patients and controls. Definition of CHD end points includes MI, angina pectoris, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, and severe stenosis on coronary angiography. In most studies that included case-patients with coronary artery disease, diagnosis was based on angiographically documented luminal stenosis (≥50%) in at least 1 of the 3 major coronary arteries.

2.4. Quality Score Assessment

To determine the methodological quality of each study, we used the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS). The NOS ranges between zero (worst) up to nine stars (best). Two authors of this article independently assessed the qualities of included studies. Disagreement was resolved by discussion.

2.5. Meta-Analysis

The risks (odds ratios, ORs) of CHD associated with the Apo E polymorphisms were estimated for each study with the software Stata12.0. The risk of the variant genotypes E2/2, E2/3, E2/4, E4/3, and E4/4 was estimated compared with the genotype E3/3 homozygotes. In addition to comparisons for total subjects, studies were categorized into different subgroup analyses according to the ethnicity. We estimated the between-study heterogeneity across the eligible comparisons using the Cochrane Q-test and the heterogeneity was considered significant for . Fixed effect or random effect was used to calculate pooled effect estimates. Random effects incorporate an estimate of the between-study variance and tend to provide wider confidence intervals, when the results of the constituent studies differ among themselves. In the absence of between-study heterogeneity, the two methods provide identical results.

Publication bias was evaluated by funnel plot and Begg’s and Egger’s tests. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) was tested by a goodness-of-fit test to compare the observed genotypes frequencies with the expected ones among control subjects. For sensitivity analyses, we examined whether the excluding studies with substantial deviation from HWE among controls affected our pooled estimates of ORs.

Finally, we use the following formula to estimate the fail-safe number:is the number of included studies and is the value of the independent study. The result is obtained from the software SAS 9.2.

3. Result

3.1. Studies Characteristics

714 studies were searched, among which 30 studies were included in the final meta-analysis [18–47]. The study selection process is detailed in Figure 1.

Given in Table 1 were the lists of number of cases, controls, HWE, and the NOS score of these 30 case-control studies. All studies indicated that the distribution of genotypes in the controls was consistent with HWE, except for 7 studies [29, 35, 37, 39, 40, 45, 46] (). According to the quality criteria, there were 21 studies with high quality (NOS score > 6).

Tables 2 and 3 showed the frequency distributions of the Apo E alleles and genotypes in the cases and controls.

3.2. Meta-Analysis Results

Figures 2 and 3 showed the ORs on CHD associated with ApoEε2 alleles and ApoEε4 alleles compared with the ε3 alleles in individual studies.

Overall, in the dominant model, individuals carrying the ApoEE2/2, E2/3, and E2/4 genotypes did not have significant risk of CHD compared with individuals with the E3/3 genotype (E2/2 versus E3/3: OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.79–1.34; E2/3 versus E3/3: OR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.76–1.06; E2/4 versus E3/3: OR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.87–1.23), However, compared with E3/3 genotype, the variant genotypes ApoEE4/4 and E3/4 were associated with increased risk of CHD in 30 studies in the genetic models (E3/4 versus E3/3: OR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.26–1.75; E4/4 versus E3/3: OR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.23–1.71).

In the subgroups, the results showed evidence of significant association between Apo E gene polymorphism and CHD risk in the genetic model of E3/4 and E4/4 compared with the genotype E3/3 in eight Mongolian studies (E3/4 versus E3/3: OR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.02–2.93; E4/4 versus E3/3: OR = 2.78, 95% CI = 1.35–5.72), while the variant genotypes ApoEE2/2, E2/3, and E2/4 were not associated with the increased risk of CHD (E2/2 versus E3/3: OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 0.39–3.00; E2/3 versus E3/3: OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 0.91–1.49; E2/4 versus E3/3: OR = 1.38, 95% CI = 0.62–3.11). In 22 Caucasians studies, significant associations were found in three genetic models (E2/3 versus E3/3: OR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.67–0.98; E3/4 versus E3/3: OR = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.17–1.62; E4/4 versus E3/3: OR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.12–2.04); carriers with ApoEE2/2 and E2/4 were not associated with the significant risk of CHD (E2/2 versus E3/3: OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.78–1.35; E2/4 versus E3/3: OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.86–1.22).

Besides, carriers with ApoEε2 allele had no significantly decreased risk of CHD compared with individuals with the ε3 allele in the random-effect model (OR = 0.91; 95% CI = 0.81–1.03). Stratified analysis on the descent also showed no evidence on the ε2 allele variant and CHD risk in Mongolians (OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 0.94–1.46), but there had a decrease risk in Caucasians (OR = 0.84, 95% Cl = 0.74–0.96). In addition, compared with the ApoEε3 allele, carriers with the ε4 allele had a 46% increased risk of CHD in the random-effect model (OR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.28–1.66), and the effects were more evident in the Mongolians (the random-effects model OR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.89–2.77) and mild in the Caucasians (the fixed-effects model OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.11–1.41).

3.3. Sensitivity Analysis

We conducted a sensitivity analysis on the Apo E polymorphisms and risk of CHD excluding studies deviating from HWE among controls. The pooled ORs estimates were similar with that of excluded studies, so the results were not shown.

3.4. Bias Diagnostics

For the ApoEε2 versus ε3 allele, the shape of the funnel plot seemed symmetrical (Figure 4), and then Egger’s test showed no evidence of publication bias (), and the fail-safe number also showed no publication bias in this meta-analysis (, ).

For the ApoEε4 compared with ε3 allele, the shape of the funnel plots seemed asymmetrical (Figure 4), and Egger’s test revealed there was a significant publication bias (). By using the trim and fill method, we showed that OR and 95% CI did not change. Besides, the fail-safe number also suggested that the result of the meta-analysis was stability (, ).

4. Discussion

Apolipoprotein E (Apo E) is one of the most major apolipoproteins in the central nervous system, with functions of neurons repair. Apo E genetic variants showed significant associations with the risks of nervous system degenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, and cerebrovascular disease [48, 49]. Apo E gene as a receptor-binding ligand mediating the clearance of chylomicron and remnants of very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol from plasma also plays a major role in the metabolisms of cholesterol and triglyceride. Functional variants of genes encoding lipoproteins are responsible in part for between-individual variation in the plasma levels of lipoproteins.

Apo E with 3 major isoforms, E2, E3, and E4, which are coded by the corresponding alleles, ε2, ε3, and ε4, has 6 genotypes, E2/2, E2/3, E2/4, E3/3, E3/4, and E4/4. Compared with ε3 carriers, carriers of the ε2 allele, which has defective receptor-binding ability, have lower circulating cholesterol levels and higher triglyceride levels, whereas carriers of the ε4 allele appear to have higher plasma levels of total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [50–52]. In serum or plasma cholesterol of healthy Caucasians, Apo E polymorphisms accounted for approximately 2%–11% of the total [53]. Recent evidences also indicated that Apo E may play additional roles in the development of CHD through macrophage cholesterol efflux, platelet aggregation, and allele-specific antioxidant and immune activities [53–55].

A lot of epidemiologic studies have investigated the relation between Apo E genotypes and CHD risk in the general population. Apo E polymorphisms are believed to confer susceptibility to CHD risk. In 1992, a meta-analysis of 27 studies reported that the subjects carrying the ε2 and ε4 alleles had, respectively, lower and higher plasma cholesterol values than subjects carrying the E3/3 genotype, which suggested that the ApoEε4 allele may, in individuals with the ApoEE4/3 phenotype, be a risk factor of cardiovascular disease [12]. The last meta-analysis of 14 published case-control studies in 2015 showed that carriers with POEε2 allele were associated with the decreased risk for CHD (OR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.75–0.90) compared with those carrying ε3 allele, while those with ε4 allele had a significant increased risk for CHD (OR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.15–1.57) [15].

In this 30 studies’ meta-analysis including 11,804 CHD patients and 17,713 controls, we identified a significant increased risk for CHD among carriers of the ApoEE3/4 and E4/4 genotypes compared with carriers of the E3/3 genotype, but no significant evidence was found between the variant genotypes of ApoEE2/3, E2/4, and E2/2 and CHD risk. In the stratified analyses by descent, for the ε4 allele genetic variant, the effect was more evident in the Mongolians group and mild in Caucasians group, which showed that the ApoEε4 allele genetic variant modulated the increased risk of CHD with the differences of genetic background. Moreover, there was a decreased risk in Caucasians between the ε2 allele variant and CHD risk but no evidence in Mongolians; further studies should be conducted to verify it.

Our study has several limitations. First, as with all meta-analyses, although we did Egger’s test and calculated the fail-safe number to evaluate the publication bias, it might have occurred because our analyses were all based on published studies. For the ApoEε4 compared with ε3 allele, the Egger test showed existence of publication bias, but from the results of the trim and fill method and the fail-safe number, the publication bias and the possibility of false positive were relatively small. Second, the control group of some studies was not in conformity with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. But, in sensitivity analysis, the pooled estimates were similar after we excluded studies deviating from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium among controls; therefore these studies were included in the final analysis. Gene-environment interactions may have contributed to the CHD. Apo E gene is a candidate gene and a common one to study gene-environment interactions. However, because of lack of the original data of the meta-analysis, further evaluation of potential gene-gene and gene-environment interactions was limited.

In conclusion, it was showed in this meta-analysis that ApoEε4 allele polymorphism may contribute to the individual susceptibility of CHD. Further rigorous design, large sample of case-control, or prospective study are required to continue in-depth evaluation on gene-gene and gene-environment interactions on Apo E polymorphisms and CHD risk.

Competing Interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ Contributions

Min Xu and Jun Zhao equally contributed to the article.

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the “Five-Twelfth” National Science and Technology Support Program (no. 2012BAI41B08 and no. 2013BAI12B01) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81673259).

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Copyright © 2016 Min Xu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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