Infections due to Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteriaceae among Saudi Arabian Hospitalized Patients: A Matched Case-Control Study

Table 2

Univariate analysis of risk factors associated with CRE and CSE infections.

Characteristics	CRE ()	CSE ()	Univariate; OR (95% CI)	value
Female sex	11 (37.9%)	26 (44.8)	0.75 (0.30–1.87)	0.540
Comorbid conditions
Diabetes mellitus	18 (62.1%)	28 (48.3%)	1.75 (0.71–4.36)	0.224
Pulmonary disease	5 (17.2)	13 (22.4%)	0.72 (0.23–2.26)	0.574
Renal disease	14 (48.3%)	13 (22.4%)	3.23 (1.24–8.39)	0.014
Liver disease	5 (17.2%)	4 (6.9%)	2.81 (0.69–11.4%)	0.153
Cardiovascular disease	19 (656.5%)	27 (46.6%)	2.18 (0.87–5.49)	0.095
Malignancy	10 (34.5%)	13 (22.4%)	1.82 (0.61–4.87)	0.229
Neurologic disease	13 (44.8%)	20 (34.5%)	1.54 (0.62–3.84)	0.349
Clinical characteristics
CVC placement	18 (62.1%)	26 (44.8%)	2.01 (0.81–5.01)	0.129
Urinary catheter	26 (89.7%)	33 (56.9%)	6.57 (1.78–24.17)	0.002
ICU stay	22 (75.9%)	28 (48.3%)	3.36 (1.25–9.10)	0.014
Surgery	23 (79.3%)	31 (53.4%)	3.34 (1.18–9.41)	0.019
Mechanical ventilation	19 (65.5%)	20 (34.5%)	3.61 (1.41–9.22)	0.006
Dialysis	8 (27.6%)	4 (6.9%)	5.14 (1.40–18.90)	0.017
Prior antibiotic use
Use of any antibiotic	18 (62.1%)	11 (19%)	6.99 (2.58–18.94)	<0.001
Vancomycin	4 (13.8%)	3 (5.2%)	2.93 (0.61–14.10)	0.215
Piperacillin-tazobactam	12 (41.4%)	0 (0%)	81.9 (5.73–46470974.82)	<0.01
Carbapenem	9 (31%)	3 (5.2%)	8.25 (2.03–33.57)	0.002
Cephalosporin
First generation	2 (6.9%)	5 (8.6%)	0.78 (0.14–4.31)	1.000
Second generation	3 (10.3%)	1 (1.7%)	6.58 (0.65–66.27)	0.106
Third generation	2 (5.1%)	3 (5.1%)	2.04 (0.12–33.76)	1.000
Fourth generation	2 (6.9%)	0 (0%)	8.59 (0.36–5786949.94)	0.109
Quinolone	9 (31%)	2 (3.4%)	12.60 (2.51–63.35)	<0.01
Metronidazole	8 (27.6%)	1 (1.7%)	21.71 (2.56–184.23)	<0.01
Colistin	1 (3.4%)	0 (0%)	4.14 (0.07–3345908.39)	0.333