Gender-Specific Associations between Socioeconomic Status and Psychological Factors and Metabolic Syndrome in the Korean Population: Findings from the 2013 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Table 2

Associations for the socioeconomic status, psychological factors, and metabolic syndrome.

Variables	Men			Women
		95% CI		OR	95% CI
Age	1.03	1.03 to 1.03	<0.001	1.08	1.07 to 1.09	<0.001
Current smoking	1.04	0.86 to 1.26	0.706	1.06	0.71 to 1.58	0.790
Heavy alcohol consumption	0.85	0.69 to 1.05	0.127	0.46	0.38 to 0.56	<0.001
Marital status			<0.001			<0.001
Married	1			1
Single	0.31	0.23 to 0.43	<0.001	0.19	0.12 to 0.31	<0.001
Widowed	1.58	0.83 to 3.02	0.168	3.71	2.92 to 4.71	<0.001
Divorced	1.72	1.09 to 2.70	0.020	1.08	0.71 to 1.63	0.733
Occupation			0.095			<0.001
None	1			1
Nonmanual	0.96	0.75 to 1.22	0.739	0.39	0.31 to 0.48	<0.001
Manual	0.80	0.64 to 0.99	0.040	1.05	0.83 to 1.33	0.695
Economy			<0.001			<0.001
Lowest	1			1
Medium lowest	0.68	0.51 to 0.91	0.009	0.37	0.29 to 0.47	<0.001
Medium highest	0.73	0.55 to 0.97	0.031	0.33	0.26 to 0.43	<0.001
Highest	0.54	0.41 to 0.72	<0.001	0.19	0.14 to 0.25	<0.001
Education			<0.001			<0.001
Elementary or less (≤6 years)	1			1
Middle school (7–9 years)	1.05	0.73 to 1.50	0.797	0.53	0.40 to 0.72	<0.001
High school (10–12 years)	0.71	0.54 to 0.94	0.015	0.23	0.18 to 0.29	<0.001
College and above (≥13 years)	0.54	0.41 to 0.72	<0.001	0.09	0.06 to 0.12	<0.001
Exercise
Severe intensity	0.66	0.51 to 0.85	0.001	0.54	0.40 to 0.73	<0.001
Moderate intensity	0.56	0.38 to 0.83	0.004	0.59	0.36 to 0.95	0.031
Walking	0.81	0.67 to 0.99	0.036	0.86	0.71 to 1.04	0.118
Activity limitation	1.89	1.36 to 2.61	<0.001	2.58	1.94 to 3.43	<0.001
Psychological factor
Perceived stress	1.05	0.83 to 1.33	0.682	1.26	1.03 to 1.54	0.026
Depressive mood	1.45	1.03 to 2.05	0.034	1.48	1.16 to 1.87	0.001
Suicidal thoughts	1.92	1.22 to 3.02	0.005	1.64	1.16 to 2.33	0.006

odds ratio.