Pulmonary Infection Is an Independent Risk Factor for Long-Term Mortality and Quality of Life for Sepsis Patients
Table 1
Demographic characteristics of the sepsis cohort.
Variables
All sepsis
Pulmonary-sepsis
Abdominal-sepsis
Nonsurvivors
Survivors
Age, mean (SD)
60.3 (16.2)
63.7 (15.3)
56.7 (16.1)
64.2 (15.3)
56.7 (16.6)
Male sex, %
319 (66.0)
186 (67.6)
114 (63.3)
0.363
140 (64.2)
147 (68.1)
0.418
APACHE II, mean (SD)
21.5 (7.9)
23.0 (6.9)
18.6 (8.0)
24.4 (7.5)
19.3 (7.4)
SOFA
8 (6–11)
9 (7–12)
7 (5–11)
10 (7–12)
7 (5–10)
SOFA, nonpulmonary
6 (4–8)
6 (4–8)
5 (3–8)
0.125
7 (5–9)
5 (3–8)
Charlson Comorbidity Index
3 (1–5)
4 (2–5)
2 (1–4)
4 (2–5)
2 (1–4)
Comorbidities
Cardiovascular disease
182 (37.7)
121 (44.5)
51 (28.3)
98 (45.0)
76 (35.2)
Cerebrovascular disease
47 (9.7)
35 (12.9)
9 (5.0)
25 (11.5)
19 (8.8)
0.427
Diabetes mellitus
88 (18.2)
55 (20.2)
25 (13.9)
0.102
47 (21.6)
36 (16.7)
0.223
Peripheral vascular disease
65 (13.5)
46 (16.9)
18 (10.0)
29 (13.3)
30 (13.9)
0.889
Digestive and liver disease
140 (29.0)
70 (25.7)
66 (36.7)
68 (31.2)
61 (28.2)
0.529
Malignancy
71 (14.7)
41 (15.1)
26 (14.4)
0.893
41 (18.8)
25 (11.6)
Chronic pulmonary disease
110 (22.8)
87 (32.0)
21 (11.7)
64 (29.4)
36 (16.7)
Chronic kidney disease
40 (8.3)
31 (11.4)
7 (3.9)
22 (10.1)
16 (7.4)
0.396
Other diseases
110 (22.8)
76 (27.9)
30 (16.7)
58 (26.6)
40 (20.4)
0.141
Pathogen, %
Gram positive
40 (8.3)
19 (7.0)
16 (8.9)
0.591
12 (5.6)
16 (7.6)
0.439
Gram negative
265 (54.9)
152 (55.9)
97 (53.9)
0.495
121 (56.3)
111 (52.6)
0.496
Fungus
175 (36.2)
122 (44.9)
42 (23.3)
98 (45.0)
60 (27.8)
Virus
20 (4.1)
16 (5.9)
3 (1.7)
7 (3.2)
9 (4.2)
0.621
Type of sepsis, %
0.084
Sepsis
37 (7.7)
23 (8.5)
11 (6.1)
0.467
5 (2.3)
23 (10.6)
Severe sepsis
133 (27.5)
83 (30.5)
44 (24.4)
0.166
50 (22.9)
72 (33.3)
Septic shock
313 (64.8)
166 (61.0)
125 (69.4)
0.072
163 (74.8)
121 (56.0)
Origin of sepsis, %
Pulmonary
272 (56.3)
—
—
—
152 (69.7)
100 (46.3)
Abdominal
180 (37.3)
—
—
—
50 (22.9)
102 (47.2)
Other
31 (6.4)
—
—
—
16 (7.3)
15 (6.9)
1.000
Pulmonary , %
346 (71.6)
272 (100)
62 (34.4)
172 (78.9)
135 (62.5)
ICU treatment within 24 h hours, %
IPPV
420 (87.0)
228 (83.8)
164 (91.1)
195 (90.3)
180 (88.7)
0.634
NPPV
34 (7.0)
24 (8.8)
8 (4.4)
.092
15 (6.9)
16 (7.9)
0.852
Tracheal
40 (8.3)
8 (2.9)
30 (16.9)
12 (5.5)
26 (12.0)
Vasopressor
181 (37.5)
91 (33.5)
74 (41.7)
.090
103 (47.2)
64 (29.6)
ARF, %
74 (15.3)
48 (17.6)
19 (10.6)
54 (24.8)
17 (7.9)
CRRT, %
83 (17.2)
55 (20.2)
20 (11.1)
60 (27.5)
21 (9.7)
MV, d
8 (3–16)
11 (5–20.8)
5 (2–11)
11 (4–21)
6 (3–13)
ICU LOS, d
13 (6–23)
14 (7–3)
8.5 (4–19)
14 (5–24)
12 (6–22)
0.605
Hospital LOS, d
23 (13–39)
24 (13–37)
23 (13–44)
.649
18 (8.8–33)
28 (17–47)
ICU mortality
86 (17.8)
61 (22.4)
16 (8.9)
—
—
—
Hospital mortality
97 (20.1)
68 (25.0)
18 (10.0)
—
—
—
28-day
79 (23.4)
58 (31.7)
17 (12.6)
—
—
—
1-year
122 (36.1)
83 (45.4)
33 (24.4)
—
—
—
Laboratory parameters on admission
PLT 109
140 (88–219)
137 (85–200)
158 (89–248)
133 (72–203)
152 (92–232)
Albumin g/L, mean (SD)
26.9 (6.8)
29.1 (6.1)
23.4 (6.7)
27.5 (23.3–31.6)
26.6 (21.7–31.1)
0.071
Creatinine, μmol/L
82 (57–142)
84 (59–171)
79 (54–125)
.072
98 (61–197)
73 (54–119)
Cystatin c, mg/L
1.1 (0.9–1.9)
1.3 (0.9–2.2)
0.9 (0.7–1.4)
1.4 (1.0–2.3)
1.0 (0.8–1.4)
LDH IU/L
272 (198–435)
304 (232–476)
217 (164–328)
305 (230–487)
242 (180–375)
Anion gap, mmol/L
17.4 (14.5–21.0)
17.0 (14.2–21.3)
18.2 (15.6–20.6)
0.129
17.9 (14.5–22.1)
17.3 (14.4–20.2)
, mmol/L
1.9 (1.3–3.1)
1.8 (1.3–2.5)
1.9 (1.4–3.6)
1.9 (1.4–3.3)
1.8 (1.3–3.1)
0.239
PaO2/FiO2,mmHg
189.0 (121.8–263.3)
170.5 (109.4–229.9)
208.5 (146.6–294.0)
169.2 (100.6–238.6)
204 (150.0–277.3)
PaO2,mmHg
85 (70–119)
80 (68–109)
97 (77–135)
81 (67–115)
87 (73–131)
0.055
Quantitative data was presented as median (IQR), and qualitative data was presented as (%) except otherwise indicated. SD, standard deviation; IPPV, invasive ventilation; NPPV, noninvasive ventilation; ARF, acute renal failure; CRRT, continuous renal replacement therapy; MV, mechanical ventilation; ICU LOS, length of ICU stay; hospital LOS, length of hospital stay; PLT, platelet; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase. between pulmonary-sepsis and abdominal-sepsis. between one-year survivors and nonsurvivors. infection was defined as pulmonary infection identified during the whole ICU stay period. analyzing the ratio of extubation in the first 24 h of ICU administration, patients without mechanical ventilation were excluded. who died in ICU or lost to follow-up were excluded. There was a total of 338 sepsis patients, 183 of them had pulmonary-sepsis, and 135 had abdominal-sepsis when analyzing 28-day or one-year mortality. was a total of 290 sepsis patients with measurement of lactate within the first 24 h; of those 155 had pulmonary-sepsis and 114 had abdominal-sepsis.
