Independent and Combined Effects of Maternal Prepregnancy Body Mass Index and Gestational Weight Gain on Offspring Growth at 0–3 Years of Age
Table 3
Associations between feeding pattern and prepregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain status, and offspring’s 1–3-year-old overweight/obesity.
Maternal and offspring factors
Exclusive breastfeeding
Predominant breastfeeding
Predominant formula feeding
Exclusive formula feeding
Prepregnancy BMI status (%)
Underweight
21.4
40.8
25.5
12.3
Normal weight
24.2
36.8
22.6
16.3
Overweight and obese
23.1
38.5
13.5
25.0
GWG status (%)
Below IOM criteria
21.7
38.3
24.4
15.6
Met IOM criteria
16.9
43.7
31.0
8.5
Exceeded IOM criteria
24.4
41.1
21.8
12.7
Offspring overweight and obesity (%)
1–3 years old
39.9
41.8
52.3
54.3
BMI: body mass index; GWG: gestational weight gain; IOM: American Institute of Medicine.
