A Systematised Review of Primary School Whole Class Child Obesity Interventions: Effectiveness, Characteristics, and Strategies

Table 2

Summary of primary outcomes and moderator variables.

Location	Study ID (author et al., year, and intervention name)	Primary measures (growth reference)	Moderator variables	Primary outcomes	Moderator outcomes
Canada, British Columbia	Stock et al., 2007, Healthy Buddies [38]	BMI	X	Younger group: no change; older group: positive	X
Chile, Ñuñoa	Kain et al., 2014 [37]	BMI -score (WHO)	MVPA (p)	positive	Positive
England, Wigan Borough	Fairclough et al., 2013, CHANGE! [39]	BMI, BMI -score (IOTF)	PA and sedentary time (a), dietary intake (24-hour recall food intake questionnaire)	BMI, no change, BMI -score, no change	Sedentary time, no change, light PA, positive, moderate PA, no change, vigorous PA, no change, and fruit and vegetable intake, no change
England, northeast	Gorely et al., 2009 GreatFun2Run [35]	BMI, BMI-SDS (UK 1990)	PA (a, p), fruit and vegetable intake (24-hour recall with interview)	BMI, positive, BMI-SDS, positive	MVPA, positive, fruit and vegetable intake, no change
England, southwest	Kipping et al., 2014, Active for Life Year 5 (AFLY5) [40]	BMI	MVPA and sedentary time (a), screen time (q), fruit and vegetable consumption (q), and high energy drink intake (q)	No change	Weekend screen time, positive, high energy drinks, positive, weekday screen time, no change, fruit and vegetable consumption, no change, MVPA, no change, and sedentary time, no change
Greece, Ioannina	Angelopoulos et al., 2009, CHILDREN Study [36]	BMI, BMI -score (CDC)	dietary intake (24-hr recall with interview), PA (q)	BMI, positive, BMI -score, no change	MVPA, positive, fruit intake, positive, SSBs, positive, and vegetable intake, no change
Netherlands, Rotterdam	Jansen et al., 2011, Lekker fit [42]	BMI, BMI-SDS (IOTF)	X	BMI, no change, BMI-SDS, no change	X
New Zealand, Otago	Taylor et al., 2007, APPLE [32]	BMI -score (CDC)	Dietary intake (Short Food Questionnaire), PA (a), and PA and television viewing time (Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children)	Positive	Carbonated beverages, positive, fruit intake, positive, vegetable intake, no change, higher accelerometer counts at year 1, positive, accelerometer counts, no change, PA (q), negative, and TV viewing time, no change
New Zealand, Waikato	Rush et al., 2012, Project Energize [43]	BMI-SDS (UK 1990)	X	No change	X
Norway, southeast	Grydeland et al., 2013, Grydeland et al., 2014, and Bergh et al., 2012, HEIA [28–30]	BMI, BMI -score (WHO)	PA (a)	Total group: BMI, no change, BMI -score, no change; girls: BMI, positive, BMI -score, positive; and boys: BMI, no change, BMI  -score, no change	PA, positive
Portugal	Rosário et al., 2012 [41]	BMI	Dietary intake (24-hr recall with interview), PA (q)	No change	Vegetable intake, positive, fruit intake, positive, and PA, no change
Spain, Reus, Cambrils, Salou, and Vila-seca	Tarro et al., 2014, Education in Alimentation (EdAl) [31]	BMI, BMI -score (WHO)	Eating habits (self-report), after-school PA (q)	BMI, no change, BMI -score, positive	Fruit and vegetable intake, no change, after-school PA in participants who engaged in >5 hours per week at baseline, positive
Spain, Granollers	Llargues et al., 2011, Avall [33]	BMI	Eating habits (FFQ and Krece Plus test), PA (q)	Positive	fruit intake, positive, vegetable intake, no change, SSBs, no change, and PA, positive
United States, Louisiana	Williamson et al., 2012, LA Health Project [34]	BMI -score (CDC)	School food selection and intake (digital photography), PA, and sedentary time (Self-Administered PA Checklist)	PP total: no change; PP overweight: no change; PP + SP total: no change; PP + SP overweight: no change; EM total: no change; EM overweight: no change; and EM white girls: positive	PP: PA, no change, sedentary time, no change; PP overweight: PA, negative; PP + SP: PA, no change, sedentary time, no change; PP + SP overweight: PA, no change; and EM: PA, no change, sedentary time, no change
United States, South Dakota	Story et al., 2012, Bright Start [56]	BMI, BMI -score (CDC)	X	BMI, no change, BMI -score, no change	X

HB = health behaviour.
HK = health knowledge.
HA = health attitudes.
a = accelerometer.
p = pedometer.
q = questionnaire.
PA = physical activity.
MVPA = moderate vigorous physical activity.
HE = healthy eating.
SSB = sugar sweetened beverages.
WHO = World Health Organisation.
IOTF = international obesity task force.
UK 1990 = United Kingdom 1990.
CDC = center for disease control.
PP = primary prevention.
PP + SP = primary prevention + secondary prevention.
EM = environmental modification.